Protein purification methods to reduce acidic species

ABSTRACT

The instant invention relates to the field of protein production and purification, and in particular to compositions and processes for controlling the amount of charge variants, aggregates, and fragments of a protein of interest, as well as host cell proteins, present in purified preparations by applying particular chromatography conditions during such protein purification.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/149,898, filed on May 9, 2016, allowed, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/584,492, filed on Dec. 29, 2014, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 9,346,879, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/829,989, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 9,334,319, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/636,511, filed on Apr. 20, 2012, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

1. INTRODUCTION

The instant invention relates to the field of protein production and purification, and in particular to compositions and processes for controlling the amount of product-related substances (e.g., product charge variants, aggregates, and fragments) and/or process-related impurities (e.g., host cell proteins and media components) present in purified preparations by applying particular chromatography conditions during such protein purification.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The production of proteins for biopharmaceutical applications typically involves the use of cell cultures that are known to produce proteins exhibiting varying levels of heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity includes, but is not limited to, the presence of product-related species, such as charged species heterogeneity, consisting of acidic species and basic species. In monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparations, such acidic species heterogeneities can be detected by various methods, such as WCX-10 HPLC (a weak cation exchange chromatography) or IEF (isoelectric focusing). In certain embodiments, the acidic species identified using such techniques comprise a range of product-related substances such as antibody product fragments (e.g., Fc and Fab fragments), and/or post-translation modifications of the antibody product, such as, deamidated and/or glycoslyated antibodies. For example, in a sample of the human IgG antibody adalimumab, WCX-10 analysis measured the presence of acidic species that can be divided, based on residence time, into two groups: acidic region 1 (AR1) and acidic region 2 (AR2). Because of their similar chemical characteristics to the antibody molecules of interest, reduction of acidic species is a particular challenge in monoclonal antibody purification.

There remains a need in the art for high-efficiency methods of purifying proteins of interest, e.g., antibodies, away from product-related substances and process-related impurities at relatively low cost. Reduction of such substances and/or impurities is particularly advantageous in the context of commercially produced recombinant bio-therapeutics as such substances and/or impurities have the potential to impact numerous product characteristics, including, but not limited to, product stability, product safety and product efficacy.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated preparations of a protein of interest. In certain embodiments, the process-related impurities include, but are not limited to host cell proteins (HCPs), host nucleic acids, chromatographic materials, and media components. In certain embodiments, the product-related substances include, but are not limited to charge variants, such as acidic species and basic species. In certain embodiments, such acidic species correspond to heterogeneity in the distribution of protein fragments (e.g., Fc and Fab fragments of antibodies), and/or post-translation modifications of the proteins, such as, deamidated and/or glycoslyated proteins, in the population of proteins, and such heterogeneity particularly of interest when it arises in the context of recombinant protein production. Further, the present invention is directed toward pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more proteins purified by a method described herein. In another aspect, such compositions further comprise one or more pharmaceutical agents.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated composition comprising a protein of interest wherein a chromatographic separation is performed to identify the particular conditions, e.g., salt concentration, pH, temperature, load amount and conditions, and washing conditions, sufficient to elicit the desired fractionation profile, e.g., fractionation of product-related substancs, such as acidic species and lysine variants, of a sample comprising the protein of interest and at least one process-related impurity and/or at least one product-related substance. In certain embodiments, the method will further comprise pooling of the resulting fractions comprising the desired process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated composition comprising a protein of interest.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to methods for isolating and purifying a protein, for example, an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, from a sample in order to exert control over the presence of process-related impurities and/or product-related substances.

In certain embodiments, the methods of purifying a protein, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, from a sample, as described herein, reduces the amount of acidic species present in the resulting composition. In certain embodiments, the resulting composition is substantially free of acidic species. In certain embodiments, the resulting composition is substantially free of one or more acidic sub-species, for example, with regard to the purification of Adalimumab, the composition is substantially free of AR1 and/or AR2. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein reduce the amount of host cell proteins (“HCPs”) present in the resulting composition. In certain embodiments, the resulting composition is substantially free of HCPs. In one aspect, the sample mixture to be purified comprises a partially purified cell line harvest wherein the cell line is employed to produce specific proteins of the present invention. In a particular aspect, the sample mixture is prepared from a cell line used to produce anti-TNF-α antibodies.

In certain aspects, the invention is directed to methods of protein purification employing chromatography, preferably chromatography that utilizes a multimodal (also known as “mixed mode” or “MM”) media.

In certain embodiments, the multimodal media comprises functional groups which exhibit anion exchange and/or hydrophobic interactions. In certain embodiments, the multimodal media comprises a cross-linked agarose with a ligand, for example, N-Benzyl-N-methyl ethanol amine, that exhibits ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. In certain embodiments, the cross-linked agarose with a ligand (N-Benzyl-N-methyl ethanol amine) has the following structure:

In certain embodiments, the multimodal media comprises a cross-linked cellulose exhibiting porosity. In certain embodiments, the cross-linked cellulose is a phenylpropylamine having the following structure:

In certain embodiments, the cross-linked cellulose is a hexylamine having the following structure:

—CH₂—(CH₂)₄—CH₃.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a sample comprising the protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, is subjected to chromatography that utilizes a multimodal media, wherein the sample is subjected to a pH adjustment during loading. In one aspect, the pH is adjusted to a basic pH, or an increase in pH. An example of a suitable pH is between about a pH of 7 and 8.2, preferably a pH of between about 7.5 and 8.2. In certain embodiments the selection of appropriate pH will be based on the characteristics of the antibody and/or acidic species of interest. In certain embodiments, the pH will be selected to be about 0 to 3 units lower than the pI of the protein. In certain embodiments, it is in the range of 1 to 2 units lower. In certain embodiments, it is in the range of 1 to 1.5 units lower.

Certain embodiments of the present invention involve subjecting a sample mixture comprising a protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a multimodal media, wherein the sample is subjected to a conductivity adjustment during loading. In one aspect, the conductivity is adjusted to between about 1 and 86 mS/cm, preferably between about 2 and 14 mS/cm. In certain embodiments, alternative ranges of conductivity are employed, which would be based on the characteristics of the antibody and/or acidic species of interest.

Certain embodiments of the present invention involve subjecting a sample comprising a protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a multimodal media, wherein the sample is subjected to an adjustment in the amount of protein load used in the multimodal chromatography. In one aspect, the total protein load to the column is of between about 5 and 1000 g/L, or between about 50 and 500 g/L, between about 75 and 300 g/L, or between about 100 and 250 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 0.5 and 50 g/L, or between about 1 and 20 g/L.

In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention involves subjecting a sample comprising a protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes an anion exchange (AEX) adsorbent material and an aqueous salt solution under loading conditions that permit both the protein of interest and non-target proteins to bind to the AEX adsorbent and collecting any unbound material with reduced levels of acidic species (and optionally reduced levels of one or more product related impurities/substances or process related impurities) and subsequently wing the adsorbent with awash buffer comprising the same, or substantially similar, aqueous salt solution used in the loading sample and collecting the effluent containing reduced levels of acidic species (and optionally reduced levels of one or more product related impurities/substances or process related impurities). In certain embodiments, the salt concentration is between 0.5 mM and 50 mM, or 2 mM and 40 mM, or 5 mM and 20 mM, depending on the salt type and AEX adsorbent being used. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the anionic and/or cationic agent in aqueous salt solution is increased or decreased to achieve a pH of between about 5 and 10, or between about 7 and 9. In certain embodiments, the aqueous salt solution comprises an anionic agent at a concentration of about 5 mM, 10 mM or 18.5 mM, and an amount of a cationic agent sufficient to achieve a pH of 8.8 or 9.0.

In certain embodiments of the present invention involve subjecting a sample comprising the putative protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a AEX, wherein the sample is subjected to an adjustment in the amount of protein concentration and load. In one aspect, the total protein load to the column of between about 50 and 500 g/L, or between about 75 and 350 g/L, or between about 200 and 300 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 0.5 and 50 g/L, between about 1 and 20 g/L, or between 3 and 10 g/L.

In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention involves subjecting a sample comprising a putative protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a cation exchange (CEX) adsorbent material and an aqueous solution under loading conditions that permit both the protein of interest and non-target proteins to bind to the CEX adsorbent, wherein acidic species and non-target proteins are washed from the CEX adsorbent material using a wash buffer comprising the same, or substantially similar, aqueous solution as the loading buffer, and wherein the bound protein of interest is subsequently recovered with an elution buffer having a higher conductivity than the loading buffer.

In certain embodiments of the present invention involve subjecting a sample comprising the protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a CEX, wherein the aqueous solution for loading and wash is a combination of pH and ionic concentration to allow the removal the acidic species in the unbound wash fractions. The pH employed in certain of such embodiments is adjusted such that it is below the pI of the protein of interest.

In certain embodiments of the present invention involve subjecting a sample comprising the putative protein of interest, such as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, to chromatography that utilizes a CEX, wherein the sample is subjected to an adjustment in the amount of protein concentration and load. In one aspect, the total protein load to the column of between about 5 and 150 g/L, or between about 10 and 100 g/L, between about 20 and 80 g/L, or between about 30 and 50 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 0.5 and 50 g/L, or between about 1 and 20 g/L.

In certain embodiments, control over the amount of acidic species in the protein compositions described herein is exerted by employing one or more of the foregoing methods during the production and purification of the desired proteins, such as antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof, described herein.

In certain embodiments, the sample is subject to a first chromatographic step prior to the multimodal/AEX or CEX media chromatography described above. The sample in each case is prepared appropriately to achieve the target pH and ion concentration prior to separation on the different modes of chromatography. Such prior chromatographic steps include ion exchange and/or affinity chromatography. Non-limiting examples of chromatographic supports for use in the first chromatographic step include, but are not limited to, affinity chromatographic resins, such as, but not limited to, Protein A resin and Protein G resin, or other affinity supports such as those comprising the antigen against which an antibody of interest was raised, as well as affinity supports comprising an Fc binding protein. In one aspect, where the protein of interest is an antibody, a sample is loaded on a protein A affinity column chromatography and eluted with a buffer system containing buffer components to be used in the multimodal media chromatography. During low pH viral inactivation, the pH is adjusted to pH 3.5 to 3.7 with acid (e.g., the same as the acidic component of the multimodal media chromatography equilibration buffer system) and held for about 30 to 90 minutes. The material is then neutralized with base) to the designed pH. In certain embodiments, the buffer is a Tris/acetate buffer system. In certain embodiments, the buffer is a trolamine/NaCl buffer. The material is then clarified with filters. The eluate can be monitored using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the absorbance at OD₂₈₀ can be followed. The eluated fraction(s) of interest can then be prepared for further processing with multimodal chromatography, AEX or CEX media chromatography.

The purity of the proteins of interest, including but not limited process-related impurities and product-related substances, in the sample resulting from practice of the chromatographic strategies described herein can be analyzed using methods well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), size-exclusion chromatography, Poros™ A HPLC Assay, HCP ELISA, Protein A ELISA, and western blot analysis.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a process chromatogram of pH gradient elution in the context of AEX chromatography.

FIG. 2 depicts a process chromatogram of a linear gradient elution by increasing anion concentration in the context of AEX chromatography.

FIG. 3 depicts a process chromatogram of fractionation of 300 g/L load and wash in the context of AEX chromatography.

FIG. 4 depicts the effect of pH on AR reduction in the context of AEX chromatography.

FIG. 5 depicts a process chromatogram at different salt (cation) concentrations in the context of CEX chromatography.

FIG. 6 depicts recovery versus AR reduction in the context of CEX purification of adalimumab.

FIG. 7 depicts the WCX-10 profile of glycated load material and CEX Eluate.

FIG. 8 depicts the WCX 10 profile of MGO modified load material and eluate from CEX column employing Toyo Pearl MX TRP 650M resin.

FIG. 9 depicts the change in Lysine distribution during CEX chromatography, highlighting the effect of Tris concentration.

FIG. 10 depicts the effect of pH and conductivity on Adalimumab AR reduction and recovery yield in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 11 depicts the AR reduction achieved with the corresponding protein recovery in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 12 depicts the total Adalimumab Protein concentration levels and AR levels during Flow Through and Wash.

FIG. 13 depicts the total mAb B Protein concentration levels and AR levels during Flow Through and Wash in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 14 depicts the total mAb C Protein concentration levels and AR levels during Flow Through and Wash in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 15 depicts the Cumulative % AR breakthrough of mAb C on different MM resins.

FIG. 16 depicts the impact of pH-pI and Conductivity on D2E7 (Adalimumab) AR Reduction in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 17 depicts the impact of pH-pI and Conductivity on mAb B AR Reduction in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 18 depicts the impact and trend of pH-pI on mAb C AR reduction with multiple resins in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 19 depicts the effect of pH and Conductivity on AR reduction and Yield in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 20 depicts AR reduction and Protein recovery vs. pH in the context of MM chromatography.

FIG. 21 depicts the effect of pH, conductivity and protein load amount on AR reduction and Yield.

FIG. 22 depicts the effect of pH, conductivity and protein load amount on AR reduction and Yield.

FIG. 23 depicts the AR Growth at 25° C. of low and high AR containing samples.

FIG. 24 depicts the effect of AEX adsorbent pKa for mAb B with several different AEX adsorbents, with different pKa values, run at with an acetate/Tris buffer at pH 9.1.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention relates to the field of protein purification. In particular, the instant invention relates to compositions and processes for controlling the amount of product-related substances (e.g., product charge variants, aggregates, and fragments) and/or process-related impurities (e.g., host cell proteins and media components) present in purified preparations of a protein of interest. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein involve the purification of a protein, such as, but not limited to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, by multimodal chromatography, wherein the multimodal (MM) media comprises both ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction functional groups and an aqueous salt solution, wherein the same or substantially the same aqueous salt solution is used as a loading buffer and a wash buffer using which the said protein of interested is collected with, in the column effluent.

In certain embodiments, the methods described herein involve the purification of a protein, such as, but not limited to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, by chromatography comprising an anion exchange (AEX) adsorbent material and an aqueous salt solution, wherein the same or substantially the same aqueous salt solution is used as a loading buffer and a wash buffer using which the said protein of interested is collected with, in the column effluent. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein involve the purification of a protein, such as, but not limited to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, by chromatography comprising a cation exchange (CEX) adsorbent material and an aqueous salt solution, wherein the same or substantially the same aqueous salt solution is used as a loading buffer and a wash buffer, wherein the wash buffer removes acidic species and non-target proteins bound to the CEX adsorbent material, and wherein the target protein bound to the CEX adsorbent material is eluted with a buffer having a higher conductivity and/or pH than the loading/wash buffer. In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed toward pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more proteins, such as, but not limited to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, purified by a method described herein.

For clarity and not by way of limitation, this detailed description is divided into the following sub-portions:

-   -   5.1. Definitions;     -   5.2. Antibody Generation;     -   5.3. Antibody Production;     -   5.4. Antibody Purification;     -   5.5. Methods of Assaying Sample Purity;     -   5.6. Further Modifications; and     -   5.7. Pharmaceutical Compositions

5.1. Definitions

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.

The term “product”, as used herein refers to a protein of interest, which may be present in the context of a sample comprising one or more process-related impurities and/or product-related substances. In certain embodiments, the product, i.e., the protein of interest is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.

The term “antibody” includes an immunoglobulin molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH). The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The term “antibody”, as used herein, also includes alternative antibody and antibody-like structures, such as, but not limited to, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD-Ig).

The term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (or “antibody portion”) includes fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., hIL-12, hTNFα, or hIL-18). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment comprising the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment comprising the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment comprising the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference), which comprises a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see, e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed. Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see, e.g., Holliger, P., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poljak, R. J., et al. (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). Still further, an antibody may be part of a larger immunoadhesion molecule, formed by covalent or non-covalent association of the antibody with one or more other proteins or peptides. Examples of such immunoadhesion molecules include use of the streptavidin core region to make a tetrameric scFv molecule (Kipriyanov, S. M., et al. (1995) Human Antibodies and Hybridomas 6:93-101, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference) and use of a cysteine residue, a marker peptide and a C-terminal polyhistidine tag to make bivalent and biotinylated scFv molecules (Kipriyanov, S. M., et al. (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31:1047-1058, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference). Antibody portions, such as Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, can be prepared from whole antibodies using conventional techniques, such as papain or pepsin digestion, respectively, of whole antibodies. Moreover, antibodies, antibody portions and immunoadhesion molecules can be obtained using standard recombinant DNA techniques, as described herein. In one aspect, the antigen binding portions are complete domains or pairs of complete domains.

The terms “Kabat numbering” “Kabat definitions” and “Kabat labeling” are used interchangeably herein. These terms, which are recognized in the art, refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues which are more variable (i.e., hypervariable) than other amino acid residues in the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof (Kabat et al. (1971) Ann. NY Acad, Sci. 190:382-391 and, Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). For the heavy chain variable region, the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 31 to 35 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 65 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 95 to 102 for CDR3. For the light chain variable region, the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 24 to 34 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 56 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 89 to 97 for CDR3.

The term “human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions corresponding to human germline immunoglobulin sequences as described by Kabat et al. (See Kabat, et al. (1991) Sequences of proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), e.g., in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. The mutations can be introduced using the “selective mutagenesis approach.” The human antibody can have at least one position replaced with an amino acid residue, e.g., an activity enhancing amino acid residue which is not encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin sequence. The human antibody can have up to twenty positions replaced with amino acid residues which are not part of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence. In other embodiments, up to ten, up to five, up to three or up to two positions are replaced. In one embodiment, these replacements are within the CDR regions. However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.

The phrase “recombinant human antibody” includes human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see, e.g., Taylor, L. D., et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences (see, Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant antibodies are the result of selective mutagenesis approach or back-mutation or both.

An “isolated antibody” includes an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities. Moreover, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.

The term “Koff”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the off rate constant for dissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex.

The term “Kd”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.

The phrase “nucleic acid molecule” includes DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but in one aspect is double-stranded DNA.

The phrase “isolated nucleic acid molecule,” as used herein in reference to nucleic acids encoding antibodies or antibody portions (e.g., VH, VL, CDR3), e.g. an antibody having a weak binding capacity for a Protein A resin. The phrase “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is also intended to include sequences encoding bivalent, bispecific antibodies, such as diabodies in which VH and VL regions contain no other sequences other than the sequences of the diabody.

The phrase “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”) includes a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.

The term “modifying”, as used herein, is intended to refer to changing one or more amino acids in the antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof. The change can be produced by adding, substituting or deleting an amino acid at one or more positions. The change can be produced using known techniques, such as PCR mutagenesis.

The term “about”, as used herein, is intended to refer to ranges of approximately 10-20% greater than or less than the referenced value. In certain circumstances, one of skill in the art will recognize that, due to the nature of the referenced value, the term “about” can mean more or less than a 10-20% deviation from that value.

The term “preparative scale”, as used herein, refers to a scale of purification operation that can be readily scaled-up and implemented at large scale manufacturing while still providing desired separation. For instance, one skilled in the field may develop a process using, e.g., a 0.5 cm (i.d.)×20 cm (L) column in the lab, and transfer it to large scale production using, e.g., a 30 cm (i.d.)×20 cm (L) column packed with the same resin and operated with the same set of buffers, same linear flow rates (or residence times) and buffer volumes. In preparative scale separation, column bed height is typically ≤about 30 cm and column pressure drop ≤about 5 bar.

The term “aggregates” used herein means agglomeration or oligomerization of two or more individual molecules, including but not limiting to, protein dimers, trimers, tetramers, oligomers and other high molecular weight species. Protein aggregates can be soluble or insoluble.

The term “fragments” used herein refers to any truncated protein species from the target molecule due to dissociation of peptide chain, enzymatic and/or chemical modifications. For instance, antibody fragments include, but not limited to, Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, or other compositions that contain a portion of the antibody molecule.

The term “charge variants”, as used herein, refers to the full complement of product variants including, but not limited to acidic species and basic species (e.g., Lys variants). In certain embodiments, such variants can include product aggregates and/or product fragments, to the extent that such aggregation and/or fragmentation results in a product charge variation.

As used herein, the term “lysine variant heterogeneity” refers to a characteristic of a population of proteins wherein the population consists of proteins of substantially identical amino acid sequence, but where the population exhibits variation in the presence or absence of C-terminal lysine residues. Although such lysine variant heterogeneity can be observed under general cell culture conditions, the use of particular cell culture conditions, as detailed below, can increase or decrease the distribution or amount of lysine variant heterogeneity.

In certain embodiments, the protein is an antibody, and the distribution of lysine variant heterogeneity comprises a distribution of the lysine variants Lys 0, Lys 1 and Lys 2, wherein the Lys 0 lysine variant comprises an antibody with heavy chains that do not comprise a C-terminal lysine, wherein the Lys 1 lysine variant comprises an antibody with one heavy chain that comprises a C-terminal lysine, and wherein the Lys 2 lysine variant comprises an antibody wherein both heavy chains comprise a C-terminal lysine.

In certain embodiments, C-terminal lysine variants are associated with charge heterogeneities present in protein preparations, for example, monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparations, produced through a cell culture process. These heterogeneities can be detected by various methods, such as, for example, WCX-10 HPLC (a weak cation exchange chromatography), or IEF (isoelectric focusing).

In certain embodiments, the heterogeneity arises from subspecies of protein differing by the presence or absence of C-terminal lysines. For example, the population of proteins may comprise more than one subspecies of lysine variant. In one non-limiting example, the lysine variants may comprise at least two of Lys 0, Lys 1 and Lys 2 lysine variants which can be detected by weak cation exchange chromatography of the expression product of a host cell expressing Adalimumab.

In certain embodiments, the heterogeneity arises from the size of subpopulations having different C-terminal lysine profiles. For example, the population of proteins may comprise more than one subspecies of C-terminal lysine variant, and each of the variants may be present in different amounts. In one non-limiting example, the C-terminal lysine variants may be at least two of the Lys 0, Lys 1 and Lys 2 lysine variants detected by weak cation exchange chromatography of the expression product of a host cell expressing Adalimumab. In certain embodiments, Lys 0, Lys 1 or Lys 2 subspecies are present in different amounts.

In certain embodiments, the heterogeneity arises from both a difference in the amount of lysine variants in the population of proteins and the type of lysine variants present in the population of proteins.

As used herein, the terms “acidic species”, “acidic region” and “acidic species heterogeneity” refer to a characteristic of a population of proteins wherein the population includes a distribution of product-related impurities identifiable by the presence of charge heterogeneities. For example, in monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparations, such acidic species heterogeneities can be detected by various methods, such as, for example, WCX-10 HPLC (a weak cation exchange chromatography), or IEF (isoelectric focusing). In certain embodiments, the acidic species identified using such techniques comprise a mixture of product-related impurities containing antibody product fragments (e.g., Fc and Fab fragments), and/or post-translation modifications of the antibody product, such as, deamidated and/or glycoslyated antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the acidic species heterogeneity comprises a difference in the type of acidic species present in the population of proteins. For example, the population of proteins may comprise more than one acidic species variant.

In certain embodiments, the heterogeneity of the distribution of acidic species comprises a difference in the amount of acidic species in the population of proteins. For example, the population of proteins may comprise more than one acidic species variant, and each of the variants may be present in different amounts.

5.2. Antibody Generation

The term “antibody” as used in this section refers to an intact antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.

The antibodies of the present disclosure can be generated by a variety of techniques, including immunization of an animal with the antigen of interest followed by conventional monoclonal antibody methodologies e.g., the standard somatic cell hybridization technique of Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495. Although somatic cell hybridization procedures are preferred, in principle, other techniques for producing monoclonal antibody can be employed e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes.

In certain embodiments, the animal system for preparing hybridomas is the murine system. Hybridoma production is a very well-established procedure. Immunization protocols and techniques for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the art. Fusion partners (e.g., murine myeloma cells) and fusion procedures are also known.

An antibody can be, in certain embodiments, a human, a chimeric, or a humanized antibody. Humanized antibodies of the present disclosure can be prepared based on the sequence of a non-human monoclonal antibody prepared as described above. DNA encoding the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins can be obtained from the non-human hybridoma of interest and engineered to contain non-murine (e.g., human) immunoglobulin sequences using standard molecular biology techniques. For example, to create a chimeric antibody, murine variable regions can be linked to human constant regions using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 to Cabilly et al.). To create a humanized antibody, murine CDR regions can be inserted into a human framework using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539 to Winter, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,762 and 6,180,370 to Queen et al.).

Human monoclonal antibodies can be generated using transgenic or transchromosomic mice carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse system. These transgenic and transchromosomic mice include mice referred to herein as the HuMAb Mouse® (Medarex, Inc.), KM Mouse® (Medarex, Inc.), and XenoMouse® (Amgen).

Moreover, alternative transchromosomic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to raise antibodies of the disclosure. For example, mice carrying both a human heavy chain transchromosome and a human light chain tranchromosome, referred to as “TC mice” can be used; such mice are described in Tomizuka et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:722-727. Furthermore, cows carrying human heavy and light chain transchromosomes have been described in the art (e.g., Kuroiwa et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnology 20:889-894 and PCT application No. WO 2002/092812) and can be used to raise the antibodies of this disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies of this disclosure are recombinant human antibodies, which can be isolated by screening of a recombinant combinatorial antibody library, e.g., a scFv phage display library, prepared using human VL and VH cDNAs prepared from mRNA derived from human lymphocytes. Methodologies for preparing and screening such libraries are known in the art. In addition to commercially available kits for generating phage display libraries (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, catalog no. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAP™ phage display kit, catalog no. 240612, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein), examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable for use in generating and screening antibody display libraries can be found in, e.g., Ladner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Kang et al. PCT Publication No. WO 92/18619; Dower et al. PCT Publication No. WO 91/17271; Winter et al. PCT Publication No. WO 92/20791; Markland et al. PCT Publication No. WO 92/15679; Breitling et al. PCT Publication No. WO 93/01288; McCafferty et al. PCT Publication No. WO 92/01047; Garrard et al. PCT Publication No. WO 92/09690; Fuchs et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum Antibod Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281; McCafferty et al., Nature (1990) 348:552-554; Griffiths et al. (1993) EMBO J 12:725-734; Hawkins et al. (1992) J Mol Biol 226:889-896; Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-628; Gram et al. (1992) PNAS 89:3576-3580; Garrard et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1373-1377; Hoogenboom et al. (1991) Nuc Acid Res 19:4133-4137; and Barbas et al. (1991) PNAS 88:7978-7982; the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein.

Human monoclonal antibodies of this disclosure can also be prepared using SCID mice into which human immune cells have been reconstituted such that a human antibody response can be generated upon immunization. Such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,476,996 and 5,698,767 to Wilson et al.

The antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof, of this disclosure can be altered wherein the constant region of the antibody is modified to reduce at least one constant region-mediated biological effector function relative to an unmodified antibody. To modify an antibody of the invention such that it exhibits reduced binding to the Fc receptor, the immunoglobulin constant region segment of the antibody can be mutated at particular regions necessary for Fc receptor (FcR) interactions (see, e.g., Canfield and Morrison (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:1483-1491; and Lund et al. (1991) J. of Immunol. 147:2657-2662, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein). Reduction in FcR binding ability of the antibody may also reduce other effector functions which rely on FcR interactions, such as opsonization and phagocytosis and antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

5.3. Antibody Production

To express an antibody of the invention, DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains are inserted into one or more expression vector such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,128, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference.) In this context, the term “operatively linked” is intended to mean that an antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene. The expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into a separate vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. The antibody genes are inserted into an expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present). Prior to insertion of the antibody or antibody-related light or heavy chain sequences, the expression vector may already carry antibody constant region sequences. Additionally or alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell. The antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

In addition to the antibody chain genes, a recombinant expression vector of the invention can carry one or more regulatory sequence that controls the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell. The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes. Such regulatory sequences are described, e.g., in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990), the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. Suitable regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)) and polyoma. For further description of viral regulatory elements, and sequences thereof, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,062 by Stinski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,245 by Bell et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,615 by Schaffner et al., the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In addition to the antibody chain genes and regulatory sequences, a recombinant expression vector of the invention may carry one or more additional sequences, such as a sequence that regulates replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and/or a selectable marker gene. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017, all by Axel et al., the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Suitable selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).

An antibody of the invention can be prepared by recombinant expression of immunoglobulin light and heavy chain genes in a host cell. To express an antibody recombinantly, a host cell is transfected with one or more recombinant expression vectors carrying DNA fragments encoding the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of the antibody such that the light and heavy chains are expressed in the host cell and secreted into the medium in which the host cells are cultured, from which medium the antibodies can be recovered. Standard recombinant DNA methodologies are used to obtain antibody heavy and light chain genes, incorporate these genes into recombinant expression vectors and introduce the vectors into host cells, such as those described in Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (eds), Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates, (1989) and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,397 & 6,914,128, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein.

For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is (are) transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, such as mammalian host cells, is suitable because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody. Prokaryotic expression of antibody genes has been reported to be ineffective for production of high yields of active antibody (Boss and Wood (1985) Immunology Today 6:12-13, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells described above. Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, e.g., Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (e.g., B. licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710 published Apr. 12, 1989), Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces. One suitable E. coli cloning host is E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), although other strains such as E. coli B, E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537), and E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27,325) are suitable. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting.

In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for polypeptide encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms. However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are commonly available and useful herein, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Kluyveromyces hosts such as, e.g., K. lactis, K. fragilis (ATCC 12,424), K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K. wickeramii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36,906), K. thermotolerans, and K. marxianus; yarrowia (EP 402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070); Candida; Trichoderma reesia (EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa; Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomyces occidentalis; and filamentous fungi such as, e.g., Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, and Aspergillus hosts such as A. nidulans and A. niger.

Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated antibodies are derived from multicellular organisms. Examples of invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells. Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodoptera frugiperda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified. A variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly available, e.g., the L-1 variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Bombyx mori NPV, and such viruses may be used as the virus herein according to the present invention, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Plant cell cultures of cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco can also be utilized as hosts.

Suitable mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr-CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) PNAS USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in Kaufman and Sharp (1982) Mol. Biol. 159:601-621, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference), NS0 myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Other examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol. 36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68 (1982)); MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression or cloning vectors for antibody production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.

The host cells used to produce an antibody may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as Ham's F10™ (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium™ ((MEM), (Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium™ ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al., Meth. Enz. 58:44 (1979), Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem. 102:255 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762; 4,560,655; or 5,122,469; WO 90/03430; WO 87/00195; or U.S. Pat. No. Re. 30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics (such as gentamycin drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

Host cells can also be used to produce portions of intact antibodies, such as Fab fragments or scFv molecules. It is understood that variations on the above procedure are within the scope of the present invention. For example, in certain embodiments it may be desirable to transfect a host cell with DNA encoding either the light chain or the heavy chain (but not both) of an antibody of this invention. Recombinant DNA technology may also be used to remove some or the entire DNA encoding either or both of the light and heavy chains that is not necessary for binding to the antigen to which the putative antibody of interest binds. The molecules expressed from such truncated DNA molecules are also encompassed by the antibodies of the invention. In addition, bifunctional antibodies may be produced in which one heavy and one light chain are an antibody of the invention and the other heavy and light chain are specific for an antigen other than the one to which the putative antibody of interest binds, depending on the specificity of the antibody of the invention, by crosslinking an antibody of the invention to a second antibody by standard chemical crosslinking methods.

In a suitable system for recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention, a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhfr-CHO cells by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection. Within the recombinant expression vector, the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to CMV enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory elements to drive high levels of transcription of the genes. The recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification. The selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium. Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium.

When using recombinant techniques, the antibody can be produced intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or directly secreted into the medium. In one aspect, if the antibody is produced intracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris, either host cells or lysed cells (e.g., resulting from homogenization), can be removed, e.g., by centrifugation or ultrafiltration. Where the antibody is secreted into the medium, supernatants from such expression systems can be first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, e.g., an Amicon™ or Millipore Pellicon™ ultrafiltration unit.

Prior to the process of the invention, procedures for purification of antibodies from cell debris initially depend on the site of expression of the antibody. Some antibodies can be secreted directly from the cell into the surrounding growth media; others are made intracellularly. For the latter antibodies, the first step of a purification process typically involves: lysis of the cell, which can be done by a variety of methods, including mechanical shear, osmotic shock, or enzymatic treatments. Such disruption releases the entire contents of the cell into the homogenate, and in addition produces subcellular fragments that are difficult to remove due to their small size. These are generally removed by differential centrifugation or by filtration. Where the antibody is secreted, supernatants from such expression systems are generally first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, e.g., an Amicon™ or Millipore Pellicon™ ultrafiltration unit. Where the antibody is secreted into the medium, the recombinant host cells can also be separated from the cell culture medium, e.g., by tangential flow filtration. Antibodies can be further recovered from the culture medium using the antibody purification methods of the invention.

5.4. Antibody Purification 5.4.1. Antibody Purification Generally

In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods and compositions for producing a purified or partially purified (e.g., process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated) protein preparation from a mixture comprising a protein of interest, e.g., an antibody, and at least one process-related impurity or product-related substance. In certain embodiments, the modulation of product-related substances involves the reduction of certain of such substances, while in other embodiments, such modulation can be to increase certain of such substances. For example, in certain embodiments, it is desired to match the product-related substance profile of a sample to that of a reference sample by the methods described herein.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated compositions comprising a protein of interest. For example, but not by way of limitation, the present invention is directed to process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated compositions comprising Adalimumab. Such process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated compositions process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated compositions address the need for improved product characteristics, including, but not limited to, product stability, product safety and product efficacy.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated composition comprising a protein of interest wherein a chromatographic separation is performed to identify the particular conditions, e.g., salt concentration, pH, temperature, load amount and conditions, and washing conditions, sufficient to elicit the desired fractionation profile, e.g., fractionation of product-related substancs, such as acidic species and lysing variants, of a sample comprising the protein of interest and at least one process-related impurity and/or at least one product-related substance. In certain embodiments, the method will further comprise pooling of the resulting fractions comprising the desired process-related impurity-reduced and/or product-related substance-modulated composition comprising a protein of interest.

In certain embodiments, the purification process of the invention begins at the separation step when the antibody has been produced using production methods described above and/or by alternative production methods conventional in the art. Once a clarified solution or mixture comprising the protein of interest, e.g., an antibody, has been obtained, separation of the protein of interest from process-related impurities, such as the other proteins produced by the cell, as well as product-related substances, such as charge variants and/or size variants (aggregates and fragments) is performed. In certain non-limiting embodiments, such separation is performed using CEX, AEX, and/or MM chromatography. In certain embodiments, a combination of one or more different purification techniques, including affinity separation step(s), ion exchange separation step(s), mixed-mode step(s), and/or hydrophobic interaction separation step(s) can also be employed. Such additional purification steps separate mixtures of proteins on the basis of their charge, degree of hydrophobicity, and/or size. In one aspect of the invention, such additional separation steps are performed using chromatography, including hydrophobic, anionic or cationic interaction (or a combination thereof). Numerous chromatography resins are available for each of these techniques, allowing accurate tailoring of the purification scheme to the particular protein involved. The essence of each of the separation methods is that proteins can either traverse at different rates down a column, achieving a physical separation that increases as they pass further down the column, or to adhere selectively to the separation medium, being then differentially eluted by different solvents. In some cases, the protein of interest is separated from impurities and or product-related substances when the impurities and/or product-related substances specifically adhere to the column and the protein of interest does not, i.e., the protein of interest is washed from the column, while in other cases the protein of interest will adhere to the column, while the impurities and/or product-related substances are washed from the column.

5.4.2. Primary Recovery

In certain embodiments, the initial steps of the purification methods of the present invention involve the clarification and primary recovery of antibody from a sample matrix. In certain embodiments, the primary recovery will include one or more centrifugation steps to separate the antibody product from the cells and cell debris. Centrifugation of the sample can be run at, for example, but not by way of limitation, 7,000×g to approximately 12,750×g. In the context of large scale purification, such centrifugation can occur on-line with a flow rate set to achieve, for example, but not by way of limitation, a turbidity level of 150 NTU in the resulting supernatant. Such supernatant can then be collected for further purification, or in-line filtered through one or more depth filters for further clarification of the sample.

In certain embodiments, the initial steps of the purification methods of the present invention involve the clarification and primary recovery of antibody from a sample matrix. In certain embodiments, the primary recovery will include one or more centrifugation steps to separate the antibody product from the cells and cell debris. Centrifugation of the sample can be run at, for example, but not by way of limitation, 7,000×g to approximately 12,750×g. In the context of large scale purification, such centrifugation can occur on-line with a flow rate set to achieve, for example, but not by way of limitation, a turbidity level of 150 NTU in the resulting supernatant. Such supernatant can then be collected for further purification, or in-line filtered through one or more depth filters for further clarification of the sample.

In certain embodiments, the primary recovery will include the use of one or more depth filtration steps to clarify the sample matrix and thereby aid in purifying the antibodies of interest in the present invention. In other embodiments, the primary recovery will include the use of one or more depth filtration steps post centrifugation to further clarify the sample matrix. Non-limiting examples of depth filters that can be used in the context of the instant invention include the Millistak+X0HC, F0HC, D0HC, A1HC, B1HC depth filters (EMD Millipore), Cuno™ model 30/60ZA, 60/90 ZA, VR05, VR07, delipid depth filters (3M Corp.). A 0.2 μm filter such as Sartorius's 0.45/0.2 μm Sartopore™ bi-layer or Millipore's Express SHR or SHC filter cartridges typically follows the depth filters.

In certain embodiments, the primary recovery process can also be a point at which to reduce or inactivate viruses that can be present in the sample matrix. For example, any one or more of a variety of methods of viral reduction/inactivation can be used during the primary recovery phase of purification including heat inactivation (pasteurization), pH inactivation, solvent/detergent treatment, UV and γ-ray irradiation and the addition of certain chemical inactivating agents such as β-propiolactone or e.g., copper phenanthroline as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,534,972. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the sample matrix is exposed to detergent viral inactivation during the primary recovery phase. In other embodiments, the sample matrix may be exposed to low pH inactivation during the primary recovery phase.

In those embodiments where viral reduction/inactivation is employed, the sample mixture can be adjusted, as needed, for further purification steps. For example, following low pH viral inactivation, the pH of the sample mixture is typically adjusted to a more neutral pH, e.g., from about 4.5 to about 8.5, prior to continuing the purification process. Additionally, the mixture may be diluted with water for injection (WFI) to obtain a desired conductivity.

5.4.3. Protein a Affinity Chromatography

In certain embodiments, particularly where the protein of interest is an antibody, the primary recovery sample is subjected to Protein A affinity chromatography to purify the antibody of interest away from process-related impurities, such as HCPs. There are a variety of commercial sources for Protein A resin. Suitable resins include, but not limited to, MabSelect SuRe™, MabSelect SuRe LX, MabSelect, MabSelect Xtra, rProtein A Sepharose from GE Healthcare, ProSep HC, ProSep Ultra, and ProSep Ultra Plus from EMD Millipore, MapCapture from Life Technologies.

In certain embodiments, the Protein A column can be equilibrated with a suitable buffer prior to sample loading. Following the loading of the column, the column can be washed one or multiple times using a suitable sets of buffers. The Protein A column can then be eluted using an appropriate elution buffer. The eluate can be monitored using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The eluate fractions of interest can be collected and then prepared for further processing.

The Protein A eluate may subject to a viral inactivation step either by detergent or low pH, provided this step is not performed prior to the Protein A capture operation. A proper detergent concentration or pH and time can be selected to obtain desired viral inactivation results. After viral inactivation, the Protein A eluate is usually pH and/or conductivity adjusted for subsequent purification steps.

The Protein A eluate may be subjected to filtration through a depth filter to remove turbidity and/or various impurities from the antibody of interest prior to additional chromatographic polishing steps. Examples of depth filters include, but not limited to, Millistak+X0HC, F0HC, D0HC, A1HC, and B1HC Pod filters (EMD Millipore), or Zeta Plus 30ZA/60ZA, 60ZA/90ZA, delipid, VR07, and VR05 filters (3M). The Protein A eluate pool may need to be conditioned to proper pH and conductivity to obtain desired impurity removal and product recovery from the depth filtration step.

5.4.5. Anion Exchange Chromatography

In certain embodiments, the instant invention provides methods for producing a process-related impurity and/or product-related substance-reduced protein preparation from a mixture comprising a protein of interest (i.e., a product) and at least one process-related impurity and/or product-related substance by subjecting the mixture to at least one anion exchange separation step. In certain embodiments, the anion exchange step will occur after the above-described Protein A affinity step.

The use of an anionic exchange material versus a cationic exchange material, such as those cation exchange materials discussed in detail below, is based on the local charges of the protein of interest in a given solution. Therefore, it is within the scope of this invention to employ an anionic exchange step prior to the use of a cationic exchange step, or a cationic exchange step prior to the use of an anionic exchange step. Furthermore, it is within the scope of this invention to employ only an anionic exchange step, only an cationic exchange step, or any serial combination of the two (including serial combinations of one or both ion exchange steps with the other chromatographic separation technologies described herein).

In performing the separation, the initial protein mixture can be contacted with the anion exchange material by using any of a variety of techniques, e.g., using a batch purification technique or a chromatographic technique.

For example, in the context of batch purification, anion exchange material is prepared in, or equilibrated to, the desired starting buffer. Upon preparation, or equilibration, a slurry of the anion exchange material is obtained. The protein of interest, e.g., antibody, solution is contacted with the slurry to allow for protein adsorption to the anion exchange material. The solution comprising the process-related impurities and/or product-related substances that do not bind to the AEX material is separated from the slurry, e.g., by allowing the slurry to settle and removing the supernatant. The slurry can be subjected to one or more washing steps and/or elution steps.

In the context of chromatographic separation, a chromatographic apparatus, commonly cylindrical in shape, is employed to contain the chromatographic support material (e.g., AEX material) prepared in an appropriate buffer solution. The chromatographic apparatus, if cylindrical, can have a diameter of about 5 mm to about 2 meters, and a height of 5 cm to 50 cm, and in certain embodiments, particularly for large scale processing, a height of ≤30 cm is employed. Once the chromatographic material is added to the chromatographic apparatus, a sample containing the protein of interest, e.g., an antibody, is contacted to the chromatographic material to induce the separation. Any portion of the solution that does not bind to the chromatographic material, e.g., which may comprise, depending on the AEX material being employed, the protein of interest, process-related impurities, and/or product-related substances, is separated from the chromatographic material by washing the material and collecting fractions from column. The chromatographic material can be subjected to one or more wash steps. If desired, the chromatographic material can then be contacted with a solution designed to desorb any components of the solution that have bound to the chromatographic material.

In certain embodiments, a wash step can be performed in the context of AEX chromatography using conditions similar to the load conditions or alternatively by decreasing the pH and/or increasing the ionic strength/conductivity of the wash in a step wise or linear gradient manner. The resulting flow through and wash fractions can be analyzed and appropriate fractions pooled to achieve the desired reduction in charged variant species. In certain embodiments, the aqueous salt solution used as both the loading and wash buffer has a pH that at or near the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein of interest. In certain embodiments the pH is about 0 to 2 units higher or lower than the pI of the protein of interest. In certain embodiments, it will be in the range of 0 to 0.5 units higher or lower. In certain embodiments, it will be at the pI of the antibody.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the anionic agent is selected from the group consisting of acetate, formate, or combinations thereof. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the cationic agent is selected from the group consisting of Tris, arginine, or combinations thereof.

A packed anion-exchange chromatography column, anion-exchange membrane device, anion-exchange monolithic device, or depth filter media can be operated either in bind-elute mode, flow-through mode, or a hybrid mode wherein the product exhibits binding to the chromatographic material, yet can be washed from the column using a buffer that is the same or substantially similar to the loading buffer. In the bind-elute mode, the column or the membrane device is first conditioned with a buffer with appropriate ionic strength and pH under conditions where certain proteins will be immobilized on the resin based matrix. For example, in certain embodiments, during the feed load, the protein of interest will be adsorbed to the resin due to electrostatic attraction. After washing the column or the membrane device with the equilibration buffer or another buffer with different pH and/or conductivity, the product recovery is achieved by increasing the ionic strength (i.e., conductivity) of the elution buffer to compete with the solute for the charged sites of the anion exchange matrix. Changing the pH and thereby altering the charge of the solute is another way to achieve elution of the solute. The change in conductivity or pH may be gradual (gradient elution) or stepwise (step elution). In the flow-through mode, the column or the membrane device is operated at selected pH and conductivity such that the protein of interest does not bind to the resin or the membrane while the process-related impurities and product-related substances will either be retained on the column or will have a distinct elution profile as compared to the protein of interest. In the context of this hybrid strategy, process-related impurities and product-relates substances will bind to the chromatographic material (or flow through) in a manner distinct from the protein of interest, e.g., while the protein of interest and certain aggregates and/or fragments of the protein of interest may bind the chromatographic material, washes that preferentially remove the protein of interest can be applied. The column is then regenerated before next use.

Non-limiting examples of anionic exchange substituents include diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) and quaternary amine (Q) groups. Additional non-limiting examples include: Poros 50PI and Poros 50HQ, which are a rigid polymeric bead with a backbone consisting of cross-linked poly[styrene-divinylbenzene]; Capto Q Impres and Capto DEAE, which are a high flow agarose bead; Toyopearl QAE-550, Toyopearl DEAE-650, and Toyopearl GigaCap Q-650, which are a polymeric base bead; Fractogel® EMD TMAE Hicap, which is a synthetic polymeric resin with a tentacle ion exchanger; Sartobind STIC® PA nano, which is a salt-tolerant chromatographic membrane with a primary amine ligand; Sartobind Q nano; which is a strong anion exchange chromatographic membrane; CUNO BioCap; which is a zeta-plus depth filter media constructed from inorganic filter aids, refined cellulose, and an ion exchange resin; and X0HC, which is a depth-filter media constructed from inorganic filter aid, cellulose, and mixed cellulose esters. The detailed information is listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 List of AEX Adsorbent Properties Particle/ AEX Adsorbent Vendor Media Type Ligand Type Pore Size Catalog Number Poros PI Applied Resin Weak ~50 μm 1-2459-11 Poros HQ Biosystems Strong ~50 μm 1-2559-11 Capto DEAE GE Weak ~90 μm 17-5443-10 CaptoQ Impres Strong ~90 μm 17-5316-10 QAE-550 Tosoh Strong ~100 μm  43271 DEAE-650 Weak ~65 μm 43201 GigaCap Q-650 Strong ~75 μm 21854 TMAE HiCap EMD/Millipore Strong ~40-90 μm   1.16881.0013 Sartobind STIC ® Sartorius Membrane Weak  3-5 μm 92STPA42DN-11-A PA Nano Sartobind Q Nano Strong  3-5 μm 92IEXQ42DN-11 CUNO BioCap 25 3M Depth Filter NA NA BC0025L60ZA05A X0HC Millipore NA NA MX0HC23CL3

In certain embodiments, the protein load of the mixture comprising protein of interest is adjusted to a total protein load to the column of between about 50 and 500 g/L, or between about 75 and 350 g/L, or between about 200 and 300 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 0.5 and 50 g/L, between about 1 and 20 g/L, or between 3 and 10 g/L.

In certain embodiments, additives such as poly ethylene glycol, detergents, amino acids, sugars, chaotropic agents can be added to enhance the performance of the separation, so as to achieve better recovery or product quality.

In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR charge variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR variants. In certain embodiments relating to the purification of Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR1 charge variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR1 variants. In certain embodiments relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR2 charge variants in the flow-through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR2 variants.

In certain embodiments, including but not limited to those relating to Adalimiumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the methylglyoxal (MGO) variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of MGO variants (for example, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/078,181). In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the glycated variants (schiff's base and permanently glycated forms) in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of glycated variants.

In certain embodiments, the loading, pH, conductivity of the AEX chromatography step, as well as elution pH conductivity, can be modified to achieve a desired distribution of process-related impurities and/or product-relates substances. For example, but not by way of limitation, certain embodiments are directed to the modulation of the lysine distribution of purified sample of a protein of interest, e.g., increasing Lys0 and decreasing Lys1 and Lys2. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention allow for the preparation of samples wherein the amount of Lys0 is decreased, while the amount of Lys 1 and/or Lys2 is increased.

In certain embodiments, an AEX chromatographic separation can be performed and combinations of fractions can be pooled to achieve a combination of desired process-related impurity and/or product-relates substance levels, in addition to, or in place of merely modulating charge variant concentration.

In certain embodiments, spectroscopy methods such as UV, NIR, FTIR, Fluorescence, Raman may be used to monitor levels of product-related charge variants, aggregates, low molecular weight variants (e.g., fragments of the protein of interest) in an on-line, at-line or in-line mode, which can then be used to control the level of charge variants, e.g., acidic species, in the pooled material collected from the AEX effluent. In certain embodiments, specific signals arising from the chemical modification of the proteins such as glycation, MGO modification, deamidation, glycosylation may be specifically measurable by spectroscopic methods through such in-line, on-line or at-line methods, enabling realtime or near-real time control of product quality of the resulting product. In certain embodiments, on-line, at-line or in-line monitoring methods can be used either on the effluent line of the chromatography step or in the collection vessel, to enable achievement of the desired product quality/recovery. In certain embodiments, the UV signal can be used as a surrogate to achieve an appropriate product quality/recovery, wherein the UV signal can be processed appropriately, including, but not limited to, such processing techniques as integration, differentiation, moving average, such that normal process variability can be addressed and the target product quality can be achieved. In certain embodiments, such measurements can be combined with in-line dilution methods such that ion concentration/conductivity of the load/wash can be controlled by feedback and hence facilitate product quality control.

In certain embodiments, a combination of AEX and CEX and MM methods can be used to prepare product-related substance-modulated materials, including certain embodiments where one technology is used in a complementary/supplementary manner with another technology. In certain embodiments, such a combination can be performed such that certain sub-species are removed predominantly by one technology, such that the combination provides the desired final composition/product quality. In certain embodiments, such combinations include the use of additional intervening chromatography, filtration, pH adjustment, UF/DF steps so as to achieve the desired product quality, ion concentration, and/or viral reduction.

5.4.6. Cation Exchange Chromatography

In certain embodiments, the instant invention provides methods for producing a process-related impurity and/or product-related substance-reduced protein preparation from a mixture comprising a protein of interest (i.e., a product) and at least one process-related impurity and/or product-related substance by subjecting the mixture to at least one cation exchange separation step. In certain embodiments, the CEX step will occur after the above-described Protein A affinity step.

The use of a cationic exchange material versus a anionic exchange material, such as those anionic exchange materials discussed in detail above, is based on the local charges of the protein of interest in a given solution. Therefore, it is within the scope of this invention to employ a cationic exchange step prior to the use of an anionic exchange step, or an anionic exchange step prior to the use of a cationic exchange step. Furthermore, it is within the scope of this invention to employ only a cationic exchange step, only an anionic exchange step, or any serial combination of the two (including serial combinations of one or both ion exchange steps with the other chromatographic separation technologies described herein).

In performing the separation, the initial protein mixture can be contacted with the cation exchange material by using any of a variety of techniques, e.g., using a batch purification technique or a chromatographic technique, as described above in connection with Protein A or AEX.

In certain embodiments, the aqueous salt solution used as both the loading and wash buffer has a pH that is lower than the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein of interest. In certain embodiments, the pH is about 0 to 5 units lower than the pI of the protein. In certain embodiments, it is in the range of 1 to 2 units lower. In certain embodiments, it is in the range of 1 to 1.5 units lower.

In certain embodiments, the concentration of the anionic agent in aqueous salt solution is increased or decreased to achieve a pH of between about 3.5 and 10.5, or between about 4 and 10, or between about 4.5 and 9.5, or between about 5 and 9, or between about 5.5 and 8.5, or between about 6 and 8, or between about 6.5 and 7.5. In certain embodiments, the concentration of anionic agent is increased or decreased in the aqueous salt solution to achieve a pH of 5, or 5.5, or 6, or 6.5, or 6.8, or 7.5.

In certain embodiments, the conductivity and pH of the aqueous salt solution is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the concentration of a cationic agent. In certain embodiments, the cationic agent is maintained at a concentration of between about range of 20 mM to 500 mM, or between about 50 to 350 mM or between about 100 to 300 mM or between about 100 to 200 mM.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the cationic agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium, Tris, tromethalmine, ammonium, arginine, or combinations thereof. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the anionic agent is selected from the group consisting of acetate, citrate, chloride anion, sulphate, phosphate or combinations thereof.

A packed cation-exchange chromatography column or a cation-exchange membrane device can be operated either in bind-elute mode, flow-through mode, or a hybrid mode wherein the product exhibits binding to the chromatographic material, yet can be washed from the column using a buffer that is the same or substantially similar to the loading buffer. The details of these modes are outlined above.

Cationic substituents include carboxymethyl (CM), sulfoethyl (SE), sulfopropyl (SP), phosphate (P) and sulfonate (S). Additional cationic materials include, but are not limited to: Capto SP ImpRes, which is a high flow agarose bead; CM Hyper D grade F; which is a ceramic bead coated and permeated with a functionalized hydrogel, 250-400 ionic groups μeq/mL; Eshmuno S, which is a hydrophilic polyvinyl ether base matrix with 50-100 μeq/mL ionic capacity; Nuvia C Prime, which is a hydrophobic cation exchange media composed of a macroporous highly crosslinked hydrophilic polymer matrix 55-75 μeq/mL; Nuvia S, which has a UNOsphere base matrix with 90-150 μeq/mL ionic groups; Poros HS; which is a rigid polymetic bead with a backbone consisting of cross-linked poly[styrene-divinylbenzene]; Poros XS; which is a rigid polymetic bead with a backbone consisting of cross-linked poly[styrene-divinylbenzene]; Toyo Pearl Giga Cap CM 650M, which is a polymeric base bead with 0.225 meq/mL ionic capacity; Toyo Pearl Giga Cap S 650M which is a polymeric base bead; Toyo Pearl MX TRP, which is a polymeric base bead. Detailed information concerning the aforementioned materials is listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Cationic Materials particle Resin Vendor type size Catalog Number Capto SP ImpRes GE Strong ~40 μm 17-5468-10 CM Hyper D Pall Weak ~50 μm 20050-027 Eshmuno S Millipore Strong ~85 μm 1.20078 Nuvia C Prime Biorad Mix Mode ~70 μm 156-3401 Nuvia S Biorad Strong ~85 μm 156-0315 Poros HS Applied Weak ~50 μm 13359-06 Biosystems Poros XS Applied Strong ~50 μm 4404337 Biosystems Toyo Pearl Giga Tosoh Weak ~75 μm 21946 Cap CM 650M Toyo Pearl Giga Tosoh Strong ~75 μm 21833 Cap S 650M Toyo Pearl MX Tosoh Mix Mode ~75 μm 22817 Trp 650M

In certain embodiments, the protein load of the mixture comprising protein of interest is adjusted to a total protein load to the column of between about 5 and 150 g/L, or between about 10 and 100 g/L, between about 20 and 80 g/L, or between about 30 and 50 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 0.5 and 50 g/L, or between about 1 and 20 g/L.

In certain embodiments, additives such as poly ethylene glycol, detergents, amino acids, sugars, chaotropic agents can be added to enhance the performance of the separation, so as to achieve better recovery or product quality.

In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR charge variants in the elution fractions while enriching for the same in the flow through and wash fractions, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR variants. In certain embodiments relating to the purification of Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR1 charge variants in the elution fractions while enriching for the same in the flow through and wash fractions, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR1 variants. In certain embodiments relating to the purification of Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR2 charge variants in the elution fractions while enriching for the same in the flow through and wash fractions, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR2 variants.

In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the Methyl Glycoxol (MGO) variants in the elution fractions while enriching for the same in the flow through and wash fractions, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of MGO variants. In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the glycated variants (schiff's base and permanently glycated forms) in the elution fractions while enriching for the same in the flow through and wash fractions, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of glycated variants.

In certain embodiments, the loading, pH, conductivity of the CEX chromatography step, as well as elution pH conductivity, can be modified to achieve a desired distribution of process-related impurities and/or product-relates substances. For example, but not by way of limitation, certain embodiments are directed to the modulation of the lysine distribution of a purified sample of a protein of interest, e.g., increasing Lys0 and decreasing Lys1 and Lys2. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention allow for the preparation of samples wherein the amount of Lys0 is decreased, while the amount of Lys 1 and/or Lys2 is increased.

In certain embodiments, a CEX chromatographic separation can be performed and combinations of fractions can be pooled to achieve a combination of desired process-related impurity and/or product-relates substance levels, in addition to, or in place of merely modulating charge variant concentration.

In certain embodiments, spectroscopy methods such as UV, NIR, FTIR, Fluorescence, Raman may be used to monitor levels of product-related charge variants, aggregates, low molecular weight variants (e.g., fragments of the protein of interest) in an on-line, at-line or in-line mode, which can then be used to control the level of charge variants, e.g., acidic species, in the pooled material collected from the CEX effluent. In certain embodiments, specific signals arising from the chemical modification of the proteins such as glycation, MGO modification, deamidation, glycosylation may be specifically measurable by spectroscopic methods through such in-line, on-line or at-line methods, enabling realtime or near-real time control of product quality of the resulting product. In certain embodiments, on-line, at-line or in-line monitoring methods can be used either on the effluent line of the chromatography step or in the collection vessel, to enable achievement of the desired product quality/recovery. In certain embodiments, the UV signal can be used as a surrogate to achieve an appropriate product quality/recovery, wherein the UV signal can be processed appropriately, including, but not limited to, such processing techniques as integration, differentiation, moving average, such that normal process variability can be addressed and the target product quality can be achieved. In certain embodiments, such measurements can be combined with in-line dilution methods such that ion concentration/conductivity of the load/wash can be controlled by feedback and hence facilitate product quality control.

In certain embodiments, a combination of CEX and AEX and MM methods can be used to prepare product-related substance-modulated materials, including certain embodiments where one technology is used in a complementary/supplementary manner with another technology. In certain embodiments, such a combination can be performed such that certain sub-species are removed predominantly by one technology, such that the combination provides the desired final composition/product quality. In certain embodiments, such combinations include the use of additional intervening chromatography, filtration, pH adjustment, UF/DF steps so as to achieve the desired product quality, ion concentration, and/or viral reduction.

5.4.7. Mixed Mode Chromatography

Mixed mode (“MM”) chromatography, also referred to herein as “multimodal chromatography”, is a chromatographic strategy that utilizes a support comprising a ligand that is capable of providing at least two different, in certain embodiments co-operative, sites that interact with the substance to be bound. In certain embodiments, one of these sites gives an attractive type of charge-charge interaction between the ligand and the substance of interest and the other site provides for electron acceptor-donor interaction and/or hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic interactions. Electron donor-acceptor interactions include interactions such as hydrogen-bonding, π-π, cation-π, charge transfer, dipole-dipole, induced dipole etc.

In certain embodiments, the resin employed for a mixed mode separation is Capto Adhere. Capto Adhere is a strong anion exchanger with multimodal functionality. Its base matrix is a highly cross-linked agarose with a ligand (N-Benzyl-N-methyl ethanol amine) that exhibits many functionalities for interaction, such as ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. In certain embodiments, the resin employed for a mixed mode separation is selected from PPA-HyperCel and HEA-HyperCel. The base matrices of PPA-HyperCel and HEA-HyperCel are high porosity cross-linked cellulose. Their ligands are Phenylpropylamine and Hexylamine, respectively. Phenylpropylamine and Hexylamine offer different selectivity and hydrophobicity options for protein separations. Additional mixed mode chromatographic supports include, but are not limited to, Nuvia C Prime, Toyo Pearl MX Trp 650M, and Eshmuno® HCX.

In certain embodiments, the mixed mode chromatography resin is comprised of ligands coupled to an organic or inorganic support, sometimes denoted a base matrix, directly or via a spacer. The support may be in the form of particles, such as essentially spherical particles, a monolith, filter, membrane, surface, capillaries, etc. In certain embodiments, the support is prepared from a native polymer, such as cross-linked carbohydrate material, such as agarose, agar, cellulose, dextran, chitosan, konjac, carrageenan, gellan, alginate etc. To obtain high adsorption capacities, the support can be porous, and ligands are then coupled to the external surfaces as well as to the pore surfaces. Such native polymer supports can be prepared according to standard methods, such as inverse suspension gelation (S Hjerten: Biochim Biophys Acta 79(2), 393-398 (1964). Alternatively, the support can be prepared from a synthetic polymer, such as cross-linked synthetic polymers, e.g. styrene or styrene derivatives, divinylbenzene, acrylamides, acrylate esters, methacrylate esters, vinyl esters, vinyl amides etc. Such synthetic polymers can be produced according to standard methods, see e.g. “Styrene based polymer supports developed by suspension polymerization” (R Arshady: Chimica e L'Industria 70(9), 70-75 (1988)). Porous native or synthetic polymer supports are also available from commercial sources, such as Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

In certain embodiments, the protein load of the mixture comprising protein of interest is adjusted to a total protein load to the column of between about 50 and 750 g/L, or between about 75 and 500 g/L, or between about 100 and 300 g/L. In certain embodiments, the protein concentration of the load protein mixture is adjusted to a protein concentration of the material loaded to the column of about 1 and 50 g/L, or between about 9 and 25 g/L.

In certain embodiments, additives such as poly ethylene glycol, detergents, amino acids, sugars, chaotropic agents can be added to enhance the performance of the separation, so as to achieve better recovery or product quality.

In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR charge variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR variants. In certain embodiments relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR1 charge variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR1 variants. In certain embodiments relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of AR2 charge variants in the flow-through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the flow elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of AR2 variants.

In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the methylglyoxal (MGO) variants in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of MGO variants. In certain embodiments, including, but not limited to those relating to Adalimumab, the methods of the instant invention can be used to selectively remove, significantly reduce, or essentially remove all of the glycated variants (schiff's base and permanently glycated forms) in the flow through and wash fractions while enriching for the same in the elution fraction, thereby producing protein preparations with reduced or free of glycated variants.

In certain embodiments, the loading, pH, conductivity of the MM chromatography step, wash pH and conductivity, as well as elution pH conductivity, can be modified to achieve a desired distribution of process-related impurities and/or product-relates substances. For example, but not by way of limitation, certain embodiments are directed to the modulation of the lysine distribution of a purified sample of a protein of interest, e.g., increasing Lys0 and decreasing Lys1 and Lys2. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention allow for the preparation of samples wherein the amount of Lys0 is decreased, while the amount of Lys 1 and/or Lys2 is increased.

In certain embodiments, a MM chromatographic separation can be performed and combinations of fractions can be pooled to achieve a combination of desired process-related impurity and/or product-relates substance levels, in addition to, or in place of merely modulating charge variant concentration.

In certain embodiments, spectroscopy methods such as UV, NIR, FTIR, Fluorescence, Raman may be used to monitor levels of product-related charge variants, aggregates, low molecular weight variants (e.g., fragments of the protein of interest) in an on-line, at-line or in-line mode, which can then be used to control the level of charge variants, e.g., acidic species, in the pooled material collected from the MM effluent. In certain embodiments, specific signals arising from the chemical modification of the proteins such as glycation, MGO modification, deamidation, glycosylation may be specifically measurable by spectroscopic methods through such in-line, on-line or at-line methods, enabling realtime or near-real time control of product quality of the resulting product. In certain embodiments, on-line, at-line or in-line monitoring methods can be used either on the effluent line of the chromatography step or in the collection vessel, to enable achievement of the desired product quality/recovery. In certain embodiments, the UV signal can be used as a surrogate to achieve an appropriate product quality/recovery, wherein the UV signal can be processed appropriately, including, but not limited to, such processing techniques as integration, differentiation, moving average, such that normal process variability can be addressed and the target product quality can be achieved. In certain embodiments, such measurements can be combined with in-line dilution methods such that ion concentration/conductivity of the load/wash can be controlled by feedback and hence facilitate product quality control

In certain embodiments, a combination of mixed mode and AEX and CEX methods can be used to prepare product-related charge variant-reduced materials, including certain embodiments where one technology is used in a complementary/supplementary manner with another technology. In certain embodiments, such a combination can be performed such that certain sub-species are removed predominantly by one technology, such that the combination provides the desired final composition/product quality. In certain embodiments, such combinations include the use of additional intervening chromatography, filtration, pH adjustment, UF/DF steps so as to achieve the desired product quality, ion concentration, and/or viral reduction.

5.4.8. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

The present invention also features methods for producing a process-related impurity and/or product-related substance-reduced protein preparation from a mixture comprising a protein of interest, e.g., an antibody, and at least one process-related impurity and/or product-related substance further comprising a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) step in addition to the displacement chromatography step.

In performing the separation, the sample mixture is contacted with the HIC material, e.g., using a batch purification technique or using a column or membrane chromatography. Prior to HIC purification it may be desirable to adjust the concentration of the salt buffer to achieve desired protein binding to the resin or the membrane.

Whereas ion exchange chromatography relies on the local charge of the protein of interest for selective separation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography employs the hydrophobic properties of the proteins to achieve selective separation. Hydrophobic groups on the protein interact with hydrophobic groups of the resin or the membrane. The more hydrophobic a protein is the stronger it will interact with the column or the membrane. Thus the HIC step removes process-related impurities (e.g., HCPs) as well as product-related substances (e.g., aggregates and fragments).

Like ion exchange chromatography, a HIC column or membrane device can also be operated in product a bind-elute mode, a flow-through, or a hybrid mode wherein the product exhibits binding to the chromatographic material, yet can be washed from the column using a buffer that is the same or substantially similar to the loading buffer. The details of these modes are outlined above in connection with AEX purification.

As hydrophobic interactions are strongest at high ionic strength, this form of separation is conveniently performed following salt elution step, such as those that are typically used in connection with ion exchange chromatography. Alternatively, salts can be added into a low salt level feed stream before this step. Adsorption of the antibody to a HIC column is favored by high salt concentrations, but the actual concentrations can vary over a wide range depending on the nature of the protein of interest, salt type and the particular HIC ligand chosen. Various ions can be arranged in a so-called soluphobic series depending on whether they promote hydrophobic interactions (salting-out effects) or disrupt the structure of water (chaotropic effect) and lead to the weakening of the hydrophobic interaction. Cations are ranked in terms of increasing salting out effect as Ba²⁺; Ca²⁺; Mg²⁺; Li⁺; Cs⁺; Na⁺; K⁺; Rb⁺; NH₄ ⁺, while anions may be ranked in terms of increasing chaotropic effect as PO₄ ³⁻; SO₄ ²⁻; CH₃CO₃ ⁻; Cl⁻; Br⁻; NO₃ ⁻; ClO₄ ⁻; I⁻; SCN⁻.

In general, Na⁺, K⁺ or NH₄ ⁺ sulfates effectively promote ligand-protein interaction in HIC. Salts may be formulated that influence the strength of the interaction as given by the following relationship: (NH₄)₂SO₄>Na₂SO₄>NaCl>NH₄Cl>NaBr>NaSCN.

In general, salt concentrations of between about 0.75 M and about 2 M ammonium sulfate or between about 1 and 4 M NaCl are useful.

HIC media normally comprise a base matrix (e.g., cross-linked agarose or synthetic copolymer material) to which hydrophobic ligands (e.g., alkyl or aryl groups) are coupled. A suitable HIC media comprises an agarose resin or a membrane functionalized with phenyl groups (e.g., a Phenyl Sepharose™ from GE Healthcare or a Phenyl Membrane from Sartorius). Many HIC resins are available commercially. Examples include, but are not limited to, Capto Phenyl, Phenyl Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow with low or high substitution, Phenyl Sepharose™ High Performance, Octyl Sepharose™ High Performance (GE Healthcare); Fractogel™ EMD Propyl or Fractogel™ EMD Phenyl (E. Merck, Germany); Macro-Prep™ Methyl or Macro-Prep™ t-Butyl columns (Bio-Rad, California); WP HI-Propyl (C3)™ (J. T. Baker, New Jersey); and Toyopearl™ ether, phenyl or butyl (TosoHaas, Pa.).

5.4.9. Viral Filtration

Viral filtration is a dedicated viral reduction step in the entire purification process. This step is usually performed post chromatographic polishing steps. Viral reduction can be achieved via the use of suitable filters including, but not limited to, Planova 20N™, 50 N or BioEx from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Viresolve™ filters from EMD Millipore, ViroSart CPV from Sartorius, or Ultipor DV20 or DV50™ filter from Pall Corporation. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to select a suitable filter to obtain desired filtration performance.

5.4.10. Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration

Certain embodiments of the present invention employ ultrafiltration and diafiltration steps to further concentrate and formulate the protein of interest, e.g., an antibody product. Ultrafiltration is described in detail in: Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration: Principles and Applications, L. Zeman and A. Zydney (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1996); and in: Ultrafiltration Handbook, Munir Cheryan (Technomic Publishing, 1986; ISBN No. 87762-456-9). One filtration process is Tangential Flow Filtration as described in the Millipore catalogue entitled “Pharmaceutical Process Filtration Catalogue” pp. 177-202 (Bedford, Mass., 1995/96). Ultrafiltration is generally considered to mean filtration using filters with a pore size of smaller than 0.1 μm. By employing filters having such small pore size, the volume of the sample can be reduced through permeation of the sample buffer through the filter membrane pores while proteins, such as antibodies, are retained above the membrane surface.

Diafiltration is a method of using membrane filters to remove and exchange salts, sugars, and non-aqueous solvents, to separate free from bound species, to remove low molecular-weight species, and/or to cause the rapid change of ionic and/or pH environments. Microsolutes are removed most efficiently by adding solvent to the solution being diafiltered at a rate approximately equal to the permeate flow rate. This washes away microspecies from the solution at a constant volume, effectively purifying the retained protein of interest. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a diafiltration step is employed to exchange the various buffers used in connection with the instant invention, optionally prior to further chromatography or other purification steps, as well as to remove impurities from the protein preparations.

One of ordinary skill in the art can select appropriate membrane filter device for the UF/DF operation. Examples of membrane cassettes suitable for the present invention include, but not limited to, Pellicon 2 or Pellicon 3 cassetts with 10 kD, 30 kD or 50 kD membranes from EMD Millipore, Kvick 10 kD, 30 kD or 50 kD membrane cassettes from GE Healthcare, and Centramate or Centrasette 10 kD, 30 kD or 50 kD cassettes from Pall Corporation.

5.4.11. Exemplary Purification Strategies

In certain embodiments, primary recovery can proceed by sequentially employing pH reduction, centrifugation, and filtration steps to remove cells and cell debris (including HCPs) from the production bioreactor harvest. In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to subjecting a sample mixture from said primary recovery to one or more AEX, CEX, and/or MM purification steps. Certain embodiments of the present invention will include further purification steps. Examples of additional purification procedures which can be performed prior to, during, or following the ion exchange chromatography method include ethanol precipitation, isoelectric focusing, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin Sepharose™, further anion exchange chromatography and/or further cation exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography (e.g., using protein G, an antibody, a specific substrate, ligand or antigen as the capture reagent).

Specific examples of such combinations of strategies is presented below, with specific data relating to particular combinations useful in the context of the instant invention included in Tables 44-51 and 72-74.

In certain embodiments the unbound flow through and wash fractions can be further fractionated and a combination of fractions providing a target product purity can be pooled.

In certain embodiments the protein concentration can be adjusted to achieve a differential partitioning behavior between the antibody product and the product-related substances such that the purity and/or yield can be further improved. In certain embodiments the loading can be performed at different protein concentrations during the loading operation to improve the product quality/yield of any particular purification step.

In certain embodiments the column temperature, can be independently varied to improve the separation efficiency and/or yield of any particular purification step.

In certain embodiments, the loading and washing buffer matrices can be different or composed of mixtures of chemicals, while achieving similar “resin interaction” behavior such that the above novel separation can be effected. For example, but not by way of limitation, the loading and washing buffers can be different, in terms of ionic strength or pH, while remaining substantially similar in function in terms of the washout of the product achieved during the wash step. In certain embodiments, additives such as amino acids, sugars, PEG, etc can be added to the load or wash steps to modulate the partitioning behavior to achieve the separation efficiency and/or yield.

In certain embodiments, the loading & washing steps can be controlled by in-line, at-line or off-line measurement of the product related impurity/substance levels, either in the column effluent, or the collected pool or both, so as to achieve the target product quality and/or yield. In certain embodiments, the loading concentration can be dynamically controlled by in-line or batch or continuous dilutions with buffers or other solutions to achieve the partitioning necessary to improve the separation efficiency and/or yield.

5.5. Methods of Assaying Sample Purity 5.5.1. Assaying Host Cell Protein

The present invention also provides methods for determining the residual levels of host cell protein (HCP) concentration in the isolated/purified antibody composition. As described above, HCPs are desirably excluded from the final target substance product. Exemplary HCPs include proteins originating from the source of the antibody production. Failure to identify and sufficiently remove HCPs from the target antibody may lead to reduced efficacy and/or adverse subject reactions.

As used herein, the term “HCP ELISA” refers to an ELISA where the second antibody used in the assay is specific to the HCPs produced from cells, e.g., CHO cells, used to generate the antibody of interest. The second antibody may be produced according to conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the second antibody may be produced using HCPs obtained by sham production and purification runs, i.e., the same cell line used to produce the antibody of interest is used, but the cell line is not transfected with antibody DNA. In an exemplary embodiment, the second antibody is produced using HCPs similar to those expressed in the cell expression system of choice, i.e., the cell expression system used to produce the target antibody.

Generally, HCP ELISA comprises sandwiching a liquid sample comprising HCPs between two layers of antibodies, i.e., a first antibody and a second antibody. The sample is incubated during which time the HCPs in the sample are captured by the first antibody, for example, but not limited to goat anti-CHO, affinity purified (Cygnus). A labeled second antibody, or blend of antibodies, specific to the HCPs produced from the cells used to generate the antibody, e.g., anti-CHO HCP Biotinylated, is added, and binds to the HCPs within the sample. In certain embodiments the first and second antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain aspects the first and second antibodies are blends of polyclonal antibodies raised against HCPs. The amount of HCP contained in the sample is determined using the appropriate test based on the label of the second antibody.

HCP ELISA may be used for determining the level of HCPs in an antibody composition, such as an eluate or flow-through obtained using the process described above. The present invention also provides a composition comprising an antibody, wherein the composition has no detectable level of HCPs as determined by an HCP Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (“ELISA”).

5.5.2. Assaying Charge Variants and Aggregates

In certain embodiments, the levels of acidic species and other charge variants in the chromatographic samples produced using the techniques described herein are analyzed. In certain embodiments a CEX-HPLC method is employed. For example, but not by way of limitation, cation exchange chromatography can be performed on a Dionex ProPac WCX-10, Analytical column 4 mm×250 mm (Dionex, Calif.). An Agilent 1200 HPLC system can then be used as the HPLC. In certain embodiments, mobile phases such as 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic pH 7.5 (Mobile phase A) and 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride pH 5.5 (Mobile phase B) can be used. In certain embodiments, a binary gradient (94% A, 6% B: 0-20 min; 84% A, 16% B: 20-22 min; 0% A, 100% B: 22-28 min; 94% A, 6% B: 28-34 min) can be used with detection at 280 nm. In certain embodiments, quantitation is based on the relative area percent of detected peaks. In certain embodiments, the peaks that elute at relative residence time less than a certain time are together represented as the acidic peaks.

In certain embodiments, the levels of aggregates, monomer, and fragments in the chromatographic samples produced using the techniques described herein are analyzed. In certain embodiments, the aggregates, monomer, and fragments are measured using a size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) method for each molecule. For example, but not by way of limitation, a TSK-gel G3000SWxL, 5 μm, 125 Å, 7.8×300 mm column (Tosoh Bioscience) can be used in connection with certain embodiments, while a TSK-gel Super SW3000, 4 μm, 250 Å, 4.6×300 mm column (Tosoh Bioscience) can be used in alternative embodiments. In certain embodiments, the aforementioned columns are used along with an Agilent or a Shimazhu HPLC system. In certain embodiments, sample injections are made under isocratic elution conditions using a mobile phase consisting of, for example, 100 mM sodium sulfate and 100 mM sodium phosphate at pH 6.8, and detected with UV absorbance at 214 nm. In certain embodiments, the mobile phase will consist of 1×PBS at pH 7.4, and elution profile detected with UV absorbance at 280 nm. In certain embodiments, quantification is based on the relative area of detected peaks.

5.6. Further Modifications

The purified proteins, e.g., antibodies and antibody-binding portions thereof, of the present invention can be modified. In some embodiments, the antibodies are chemically modified to provide a desired effect. For example, but not by way of limitation, pegylation of antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention may be carried out by any of the pegylation reactions known in the art, as described, e.g., in the following references: Focus on Growth Factors 3:4-10 (1992); EP 0 154 316; and EP 0 401 384, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In one aspect, the pegylation is carried out via an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive polyethylene glycol molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer). A suitable water-soluble polymer for pegylation of the antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention is polyethylene glycol (PEG). As used herein, “polyethylene glycol” is meant to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize other proteins, such as mono (Cl—ClO) alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol.

Methods for preparing pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention will generally comprise the steps of (a) reacting the antibody or antibody fragment with polyethylene glycol, such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under suitable conditions whereby the antibody or antibody fragment becomes attached to one or more PEG groups, and (b) obtaining the reaction products. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to select the optimal reaction conditions or the acylation reactions based on known parameters and the desired result.

Generally the pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments have increased half-life, as compared to the nonpegylated antibodies and antibody fragments. The pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments may be employed alone, together, or in combination with other pharmaceutical compositions.

An antibody of the invention can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule (e.g., another peptide or protein). For example, an antibody of the invention can be functionally linked (by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody or a diabody), a detectable agent, a cytotoxic agent, a pharmaceutical agent, and/or a protein or peptide that can mediate associate of the antibody with another molecule (such as a streptavidin core region or a polyhistidine tag).

One type of derivatized antibody is produced by crosslinking two or more antibodies (of the same type or of different types, e.g., to create bispecific antibodies). Suitable crosslinkers include those that are heterobifunctional, having two distinctly reactive groups separated by an appropriate spacer (e.g., m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) or homobifunctional (e.g., disuccinimidyl suberate). Such linkers are available from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.

Useful detectable agents with which an antibody of the invention may be derivatized include fluorescent compounds. Exemplary fluorescent detectable agents include fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-1-napthalenesulfonyl chloride, phycoerythrin and the like. An antibody may also be derivatized with detectable enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase and the like. When an antibody is derivatized with a detectable enzyme, it is detected by adding additional reagents that the enzyme uses to produce a detectable reaction product. For example, when the detectable agent horseradish peroxidase is present, the addition of hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine leads to a colored reaction product, which is detectable. An antibody may also be derivatized with biotin, and detected through indirect measurement of avidin or streptavidin binding.

5.7. Pharmaceutical Compositions

The proteins of interest, e.g., antibodies and antibody-binding portions thereof, of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an antibody of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof. In many cases, it is desirable to include isotonic agents, e.g., sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the antibody.

The antibodies and antibody-binding portions thereof, of the invention can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration. The antibody or antibody-portions can be prepared as an injectable solution containing, e.g., 0.1-250 mg/mL antibody. The injectable solution can be composed of either a liquid or lyophilized dosage form in a flint or amber vial, ampule or pre-filled syringe. The buffer can be L-histidine approximately 1-50 mM, (optimally 5-10 mM), at pH 5.0 to 7.0 (optimally pH 6.0). Other suitable buffers include but are not limited to sodium succinate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate or potassium phosphate. Sodium chloride can be used to modify the toxicity of the solution at a concentration of 0-300 mM (optimally 150 mM for a liquid dosage form). Cryoprotectants can be included for a lyophilized dosage form, principally 0-10% sucrose (optimally 0.5-1.0%). Other suitable cryoprotectants include trehalose and lactose. Bulking agents can be included for a lyophilized dosage form, principally 1-10% mannitol (optimally 24%). Stabilizers can be used in both liquid and lyophilized dosage forms, principally 1-50 mM L-methionine (optimally 5-10 mM). Other suitable bulking agents include glycine, arginine, can be included as 0-0.05% polysorbate-80 (optimally 0.005-0.01%). Additional surfactants include but are not limited to polysorbate 20 and BRIJ surfactants.

In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition includes the antibody at a dosage of about 0.01 mg/kg-10 mg/kg. In another aspect, the dosages of the antibody include approximately 1 mg/kg administered every other week, or approximately 0.3 mg/kg administered weekly. A skilled practitioner can ascertain the proper dosage and regime for administering to a subject.

The compositions of this invention may be in a variety of forms. These include, e.g., liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories. The form depends on, e.g., the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. Typical compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for passive immunization of humans with other antibodies. One mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular). In one aspect, the antibody is administered by intravenous infusion or injection. In another aspect, the antibody is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (i.e., antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile, lyophilized powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the methods of preparation are vacuum drying and spray-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, e.g., by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, e.g., monostearate salts and gelatin.

The antibodies and antibody-binding portions thereof, of the present invention can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art, one route/mode of administration is subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection or infusion. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. In certain embodiments, the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In certain aspects, an antibody or antibody-binding portion thereof, of the invention may be orally administered, e.g., with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. The compound (and other ingredients, if desired) may also be enclosed in a hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly into the subject's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. To administer a compound of the invention by other than parenteral administration, it may be necessary to coat the compound with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to prevent its inactivation.

Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions. In certain aspects, an antibody or antibody-binding portion thereof, of the invention is co-formulated with and/or co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents that are useful for treating disorders. Such combination therapies may advantageously utilize lower dosages of the administered therapeutic agents, thus avoiding possible toxicities or complications associated with the various monotherapies. It will be appreciated by the skilled practitioner that when the antibodies of the invention are used as part of a combination therapy, a lower dosage of antibody may be desirable than when the antibody alone is administered to a subject (e.g., a synergistic therapeutic effect may be achieved through the use of combination therapy which, in turn, permits use of a lower dose of the antibody to achieve the desired therapeutic effect).

It should be understood that the antibodies of the invention can be used alone or in combination with an additional agent, e.g., a therapeutic agent, said additional agent being selected by the skilled artisan for its intended purpose. For example, the additional agent can be a therapeutic agent art-recognized as being useful to treat the disease or condition being treated by the antibody of the present invention. The additional agent also can be an agent which imparts a beneficial attribute to the therapeutic composition, e.g., an agent which affects the viscosity of the composition.

6. EXAMPLES 6.1. Anion Exchange Chromatography Examples 6.1.1. Materials & Methods

6.1.1.1. Chromatography Method

Except where noted, the materials and methods described in connection with the instant example were also employed in the examples of Sections 6.2., 6.3., and 6.4., below.

Pre-packed resin columns were used in the following experiments, except where specified. The column was equilibrated in a buffer system with appropriate pH and conductivity. The column load was prepared from Protein A affinity chromatography eluates or concentrated CEX chromatography elutes by buffer exchange (if the eluates were with different buffer components from the mixed mode target buffer system) or addition of the stock solutions and/or water to obtain the target pH and conductivity as specified (if the eluates were with the same buffer components as the mixed mode target buffer system). The prepared load material was filtered and loaded on the column according to the target load amount (g protein/L resin) as specified followed by washing with the equilibration buffer or buffer similar to equilibration buffer with volumes as specified. The column Flow Through/Wash were collected as fractions or as a pool. Mixed mode column was regenerated with 0.1M acetic acid, 0.15M NaCl pH3, or 0.1M Acetic acid solution, pH 3, or as specified. 1M NaOH solution was used for column cleaning.

6.1.1.2. Buffer Preparation Method

Buffers were prepared targeting specific ion concentration for the anion by fixing the anion concentration (acid) to the target value, and adjusting the solution with the cationic component (base) to achieve the appropriate pH. For example to prepare a 10 mM Acetate-Tris buffer solution, pH 8.7, glacial acetic acid was dissolved in water to a target concentration of 10 mM and adjusted with concentrated Tris-base to pH 8.7.

6.1.1.3. AR Reduction and Recovery Calculations

In general, the Flow Through/Wash fractions were collected and analyzed with WCX-10 method for AR levels. By actual or calculated pooling of the fractions the recovery and the corresponding AR levels were calculated.

6.1.1.4. WCX-10 for Adalimumab

The acidic species and other charge variants present in the Adalimumab process samples were quantified according to the following methods. Cation exchange chromatography was performed on a Dionex ProPac WCX-10, Analytical column 4 mm×250 mm (Dionex, CA). An Agilent 1200 HPLC system was used as the HPLC. The mobile phases used were 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic pH 7.5 (Mobile phase A) and 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride pH 5.5 (Mobile phase B). A binary gradient (94% A, 6% B: 0-20 min; 84% A, 16% B: 20-22 min; 0% A, 100% B: 22-28 min; 94% A, 6% B: 28-34 min) was used with detection at 280 nm.

Quantitation was based on the relative area percent of detected peaks. The peaks that elute at relative residence time less than a certain time are together represented as the acidic peaks.

6.1.1.5. WCX-10 for mAb-B

The acidic species and other charge variants present in the mAb-B process samples were quantified according to the following methods. Cation exchange chromatography was performed on a Dionex ProPac WCX-10, Analytical column 4 mm×250 mm (Dionex, CA). An Agilent 1200 HPLC system was used as the HPLC. The mobile phases used were 20 mM 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 6.5 (Mobile phase A) and 20 mM 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES), 500 mM Sodium Chloride pH 6.5 (Mobile phase B). A binary gradient (87% A, 13% B: 0-5 min; 87% A, 13% B: 5-35 min; 75% A, 25% B: 35-40 min; 0% A, 100% B: 40-43 min; 87% A, 13% B: 43-46 min; 87% A, 13% B: 46-55 min) was used with detection at 280 nm, bw 8 nm; ref 360 nm, bw 100 nm.

Quantitation was based on the relative area percent of detected peaks. All peaks eluting prior to the Main Isoform peak were summed as the acidic region, and all peaks eluting after the LYS-2 peaks will be summed as the basic region.

6.1.1.6. WCX-10 for mAb-C

The mAb-C method was employed towards the quantification of the acidic species and other charge variants present mAb-C process samples. Cation exchange chromatography was performed on a Dionex ProPac WCX-10, Analytical column 4 mm×250 mm (Dionex, Calif.). An Agilent 1200 HPLC system was used as the HPLC. The mobile phases used were 20 mM 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 6.0 (Mobile phase A) and 20 mM 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES), 250 mM Sodium Chloride pH 6.0 (Mobile phase B). A binary gradient (97% A, 3% B: 0-1 min; 79% A, 21% B: 1-46 min; 0% A, 100% B: 46-47 min; 0% A, 100% B: 47-52 min; 97% A, 3% B: 52-53 min; 97% A, 3% B: 53-60 min) was used with detection at 280 nm, bw 8 nm; ref 360 nm, bw 100 nm.

Quantitation was based on the relative area percent of detected peaks. All peaks eluting prior to the Main Isoform peak will be summed as the acidic region, and all peaks eluting after the Main Isoform peak will be summed as the basic region.

6.1.1.7. Size Exclusion Chromatography

The molecular weight distribution of collected samples were quantified according to the following methods. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed using a TSK-gel G3000SWxL, 5 μm, 125 Å, 7.8×300 mm column (Tosoh Bioscience) on an HP Agilent HPLC system. Injections were made under isocratic elution conditions using a mobile phase of 200 mM sodium sulfate, 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, and detected with absorbance at 214 nm. Quantification is based on the relative area of detected peaks.

6.1.1.8. Host Cell Protein (HCP) ELISA

HCP assay is based on process specific antigen based ELISA. Sample dilutions were applied to achieve readings within the calibration range. The limit of quantitation of the assay is 0.625 ng/mL.

6.1.1.9. UV Spectroscopy A₂₈₀

UV A280 was used to determine protein concentrations for the samples post protein A elution. The assay was performed on an Agilent UV Spectrophotometer following the method. The protein concentration was determined using Beer-Lambert's Law, A=εlc, where A is Absorbance, ε is the extinction coefficient, 1 is the path length, and c is the concentration. The absorbance was taken at 280 nm, the path length was 1 cm, and the extinction coefficients were 1.39 for Adalimumab, 1.38 for mAb B, and 1.43 for mAb C.

6.1.2 Example AEX 1: Determining Operating Conditions Appropriate for a Mab: Media: Buffer Combination

The demonstration of the current invention for a specific antibody & resin is provided in this example, and consists of

-   -   1. Choosing an anion concentration that allows product and         impurities to bind at a given pH above the pI of the product.     -   2. Performing a pH gradient elution covering a range above, at,         and below the pI of the product.     -   3. Determining pH range in which the protein elutes from the         anion exchange media

In this example, adalimumab and Poros 50PI were chosen. The experiment was performed at acetate (anion) concentration of 5 mM. The column was equilibrated with 5 mM acetate/Tris at a pH of 9.0. Adalimumab was prepared at 5 mM acetate/Tris pH 9.0 and loaded to the column at 20 g-protein/L of resin. The column was washed with 10 CVs of the equilibration buffer. A pH gradient from 9.0 to 7.0 at an anion concentration of 5 mM acetate/Tris was then performed. The process chromatograms are shown in FIG. 1.

The demonstration of the current invention for a specific antibody & resin is provided in this example, and consists of

-   -   1. For a given pH, choosing a starting anion concentration that         allows product and impurities to bind to the AEX adsorbent.     -   2. Loading a small amount of protein to the column and then         performing a linear gradient elution by increasing the anion         concentration keeping pH constant.     -   3. Determining anion concentration range in which the protein         elutes from the anion exchange media.

In this example, adalimumab and Poros 50HQ were chosen. The experiment was performed at a pH 8.7. The column was equilibrated with 10 mM acetate/Tris at pH 8.7. Adalimumab was prepared at 10 mM acetate/Tris pH 8.7 and loaded to the column at 20 g-protein/L of resin. The column was washed with 10 CVs of the equilibration buffer. A linear gradient from 10-100 mM Acetate/Tris at pH 8.7 was performed. The process chromatograms are shown in FIG. 2.

This general approach is used to determine the appropriate operating condition, example shown in Table 3, for any resin/mAb combination, to implement the invention.

TABLE 3 Example Experimental Design Scope determined from pH and anion gradient elution Poros 50HQ - 300 g/L Loading - 30 g/L Fractionation pH Range 8.2-9.0 Anion Concentration (acetate) 10-20 mM

In practicing the current invention, the acidic species reduction desired can be achieved by appropriate pooling of the load and wash fractions. By collecting and subsequently determining the product quality of each fraction throughout the load and wash, the accumulative AR reduction and accumulative yield can be calculated using the weighted averages up to a given fraction. Additionally, the instantaneous yield can be estimated by comparing the protein recovered against the total protein loaded to the column at a given fraction. Sample calculations are shown below:

Sample Calculation A: Accumulative Yield Up to a Given Fraction

${{Accumulative}\mspace{14mu} {Yield}} = \frac{{Accumulated}\mspace{14mu} {Protein}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}\mspace{14mu} {Recovered}\mspace{14mu} {up}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {Fraction}}{{Total}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}\mspace{14mu} {Protein}\mspace{14mu} {Load}}$

Sample Calculation B: Accumulative AR Reduction Up to a Given Fraction

${{Accumulative}\mspace{14mu} {AR}\mspace{14mu} {Reduction}} = {{{Load}\mspace{14mu} {AR}\mspace{11mu} \%} - \frac{{Accumulated}\mspace{14mu} {Acidic}\mspace{14mu} {Species}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}\mspace{14mu} {Recovered}\mspace{14mu} {up}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {Fraction}}{{Accumulated}\mspace{14mu} {Total}\mspace{14mu} {Protein}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}{\mspace{11mu} \mspace{11mu}}{Recovered}\mspace{14mu} {up}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {Fraction}}}$

Sample Calculation C: Instantaneous Yield Up to a Given Fraction

${{Instantaneous}\mspace{14mu} {Yield}} = \frac{{Accumulated}\mspace{14mu} {Protein}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}\mspace{14mu} {Recovered}\mspace{14mu} {up}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {Fraction}}{{Total}\mspace{14mu} {Protein}\mspace{14mu} {Mass}\mspace{14mu} {Loaded}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {Column}\mspace{14mu} {at}\mspace{14mu} {Fraction}}$

The demonstration of the current invention for a specific antibody & resin is provided in this example, and consists of

-   -   1. For a given pH and anion concentration and anion exchange         media.     -   2. Loading the anion exchange media in excess of the dynamic         binding capacity for the product for the given condition.     -   3. Washing the column with a buffer containing a similar pH and         anion concentration used for the equilibration and loading         steps.     -   4. Collecting fractions throughout the loading and wash steps         and subsequently determining the product quality profile (e.g.         AR, aggregate, etc.)

In this example, adalimumab and Poros 50PI were chosen. The experiment was performed at 5 mM acetate/arginine pH 8.8. The column was equilibrated with 5 mM acetate/arginine at pH 8.8. Adalimumab was prepared at 5 mM acetate/arginine pH 8.8 and loaded to the column at 300 g-protein/L-resin. The column was washed with 20 CVs of the equilibration buffer. Fractions were collected in volumes representing 30 g-protein/L-resin, shown in FIG. 3. Each fraction was then analyzed for product quality and the accumulative yield and AR reduction calculated, shown in Table 4. From this example, it is clear to one skilled in the art to determine a run condition which delivers a targeted product quality and/or step yield.

This general approach is used to evaluate the performance for a given operating condition for any resin/mAb/buffer combination.

TABLE 4 Accumulative Yield and AR Reduction from FIG. 3 Accumulative Fraction Load Yield ΔAR A2  7 g/L 0.0% 10.8% A3*  37 g/L 0.5% 10.8% A4  67 g/L 6.7% 9.7% A5  97 g/L 16.7% 8.9% A6 127 g/L 26.9% 8.4% B1 157 g/L 37.0% 7.7% B2 187 g/L 47.1% 7.1% B3 217 g/L 57.4% 6.4% B4 247 g/L 67.8% 5.8% B5 277 g/L 78.0% 5.3% B6 300 g/L 84.4% 5.0% B7 Wash 87.0% 4.8% C1 Wash 88.5% 4.7% C2 Wash 89.6% 4.6% *Dynamic Binding Capacity (DBC) = 39 g/L

6.1.3. Example AEX 2: Demonstration of AR Reduction with AEX Adsorbents

This data set is compiled to demonstrate the AR reduction achieved with three different AEX adsorbents. Each resin was evaluated using adalimumab at an acetate concentration determined from the process outlined in Example 6.1.2. and at pH values below, near, and above the pI (e.g. pH 8.5 to 9.0). Table 5 outlines the results from these experiments.

TABLE 5 Effect of AEX Resins on AR reduction of Adalimumab Resin Buffer Condition Load Yield ΔAR Poros 50PI 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 150 g/L 90% 2.4% 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 300 g/L 94% 0.9% 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 150 g/L 87% 3.6% 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 300 g/L 94% 1.2% 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 150 g/L 83% 3.9% 5 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 300 g/L 92% 1.5% Poros 50HQ 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 250 g/L 91% 3.8% 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 350 g/L 88% 2.2% 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 250 g/L 85% 6.0% 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 350 g/L 84% 3.1% 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.9 250 g/L 67% 5.9% 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.9 350 g/L 75% 3.6% CaptoDEAE 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 150 g/L 98% 0.7% 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.5 300 g/L 97% 0.1% 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 150 g/L 78% 7.1% 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 300 g/L 95% 2.5% 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 150 g/L 29% 9.2% 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 300 g/L 82% 5.0%

This data set is compiled to demonstrate the AR reduction achieved with eight different AEX adsorbents. Each resin was tested using an advanced screening method using the process outlined in Example 6.1.2., and subjected to four runs using adalimumab at two different pH (e.g. pH 8.7 and 9.0) and two different acetate concentrations (e.g. 10 mM and 20 mM). In these experiments, the instantaneous (e.g. not accumulative) AR reduction was measured by analyzing the load fraction at 150 g/L and subsequently compared across all resins. Table 6 outlines the results from these experiments.

TABLE 6 Advanced Screen of AEX Resins for AR reduction of Adalimumab Instantaneous AR Reduction Resin pH Acetate @ 150 g/L Poros 50HQ 8.7 10 mM 15.0% 20 mM 10.7% 9.0 10 mM 8.6% 20 mM 13.4% Poros 50PI 8.7 10 mM 6.2% 20 mM −0.1% 9.0 10 mM 6.5% 20 mM 3.0% Capto DEAE 8.7 10 mM 9.3% 20 mM −0.2% 9.0 10 mM 8.6% 20 mM 7.8% Capto Q Impres 8.7 10 mM 12.3% 20 mM 4.2% 9.0 10 mM 12.3% 20 mM 6.5% QAE-550C 8.7 10 mM 10.1% 20 mM 3.5% 9.0 10 mM 7.8% 20 mM 4.5% DEAE 650M 8.7 10 mM 5.2% 20 mM 0.1% 9.0 10 mM 6.9% 20 mM −2.7% GigaCap Q 650M 8.7 10 mM 8.1% 20 mM 5.8% 9.0 10 mM 1.8% 20 mM 0.4% TMAE HiCap 8.7 10 mM 4.1% 20 mM 2.8% 9.0 10 mM 1.2% 20 mM −0.1%

This data set is compiled to demonstrate the AR reduction achieved with two different AEX chromatographic membranes. Each membrane was tested using conditions outlined in Table 6. The results from these experiments are presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Effect of AEX Chromatographic Membrane on AR reduction of Adalimumab Chromatographic Membrane Equil/Wash Buffer Load Yield ΔAR Sartobind STIC 10 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 500 g/L 94% 1.7% 20 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 500 g/L 100% 0.7% Sartobind Q 20 mM Acetate/Tris pH 9.0 500 g/L 100% 0.3%

This data set is compiled to demonstrate the AR reduction achieved with two different charged depth filters. The results from these experiments are presented in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Effect of Charged Depth Filters on AR reduction of Adalimumab Depth Filter Media Equil/Wash Buffer Load Yield ΔAR CUNO BioCap 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 500 g/m² 92% 1.9% 25 X0HC 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 500 g/m² 84% 1.1%

6.1.4. Example AEX 3: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Other Antibodies, Mab B and Mab C

AR reduction technology of the current invention has been demonstrated with multiple antibodies using AEX adsorbents. Antibodies have different amount charged residues and at different positions, leading to a charge interaction behavior on an AEX column that differs from one antibody to another. Therefore the impact of anion type, anion concentration is different for each antibody.

Table 9 and Table 10 below show the data for MAB B and MAB C. The data clearly demonstrates that the AR reduction technology works very effectively for other antibodies.

TABLE 9 AR reduction for mAb B, pI ~9.1 Resin Buffer Condition pH Load Yield ΔAR Poros 50PI 5 mM Acetate/Tris 9.5 300 g/L 83% 1.1% 9.1 300 g/L 94% 1.6% 8.5 300 g/L 98% <0.5% Poros 50HQ 10 mM Acetate/Tris 9.5 300 g/L 69% <0.5% 9.1 300 g/L 78% 5.7% 8.5 300 g/L 81% 3.4% Capto DEAE 10 mM Acetate/Tris 9.5 300 g/L 69% 4.2% 9.1 300 g/L 82% 4.9% 8.5 300 g/L 96% <0.5%

TABLE 10 AR reduction for mAb C, pI ~7.0 Resin Buffer Condition pH Load Yield ΔAR Poros 50PI 12 mM Acetate/Tris 7.5 300 g/L 90% 2.6% 7.0 300 g/L 89% 2.2% 6.5 300 g/L 87% 4.0% Poros 50HQ 45 mM Acetate/Tris 7.5 300 g/L 86% 1.2% 7.0 300 g/L 88% 1.2% 6.5 300 g/L 91% 0.7% Capto DEAE 25 mM Acetate/Tris 7.5 300 g/L 79% 1.8% 7.0 300 g/L 80% 1.9% 6.5 300 g/L 89% 1.8%

6.1.5. Example AEX 4: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different pH Conditions—Adalimumab

The AR species in the current invention is bound during the loading step; therefore the binding pH is a key variable. The anion concentration that provides the desired performance will vary with the operational pH.

In this example, data compiled from different experiments is shown to demonstrate the impact of the pH choice, relative to the pI of the protein on AR reduction. This data set provides the basis for one skilled in the art to determine a pH range to perform the experiments to implement the current invention. Furthermore, this reiterates the fact that the pH choice depends on several factors and the relationship between pH and AR reduction is also mAb dependent

In this example, adalimumab and Poros 50PI were chosen. The experiments were performed at a concentration of 5 mM acetate/arginine at each pH specified. Adalimumab was prepared at 5 mM acetate/arginine at each pH specified and loaded to the column at 300 g-protein/L of resin. The column was washed with 20 CVs of the equilibration buffer. The results showing the pH effect on AR reduction is shown in FIG. 4.

It is also clear that the AR reduction can be achieved with the present invention with a range of pH choices in the range of ±0.5 pH units from the pI of multiple mAbs, which are listed in Table 11. Each of these experiments was performed with Poros50HQ resin at a 300 g/L load with an acetate/Tris buffer system.

TABLE 11 AR reduction at pH above, at, and below protein pI Range pH-pI Molecule Yield ΔAR pH > pI 0.2 Adalimumab 71% 7.0% 0.5 mAb B 69% 3.4% 0.5 mAb C 86% 1.2% pH~pI 0 Adalimumab 86% 5.9% 0 mAb B 78% 5.7% 0 mAb C 88% 1.2% pH < pI −0.2 Adalimumab 93% 4.1% −0.5 mAb B 81% <0.5% −0.5 mAb C 91% 0.7%

6.1.6. Example AEX 5: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Ion Concentrations—Adalimumab

Anion concentration is a key variable in the performance of anion exchange chromatography. For every combination of antibody/resin/pH there is a range of anion concentrations that provides AR reduction; the strategy outlined in Example 6.1.2. can be followed to determine the AR reduction and the corresponding recovery for each anion concentration.

Table 12 below shows the effect of anion concentration on AR reduction. The table also includes the effect of anion concentration for different pH values. The data demonstrates that the AR reduction can be effectively achieved over a range of anion concentrations at each pH and that the concentration ranges depend on the pH.

TABLE 12 Effect of Anion Concentration and pH on AR reduction Resin pH Buffer Condition Load Yield ΔAR Poros 50PI 9 5 mM Acetate/Arginine 300 g/L 81% 4.8% 10 mM Acetate/Arginine 227 g/L 80% 2.4% 18.5 mM Acetate/Arginine 107 g/L 88% 1.0% 8.8 5 mM Acetate/Arginine 300 g/L 93% 4.5% 10 mM Acetate/Arginine 227 g/L 88% 2.5% 18.5 mM Acetate/Arginine 108 g/L 96% 1.2%

6.1.7 Example AEX 6: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Buffer Systems with Adalimumab

The anion type and concentration are key variables in Anion Exchange Chromatography. The invention has been demonstrated with Acetate and Formate as the anion type and Tris and Arginine as the counter cation type. As one skilled in the art would appreciate the optimal pH and cation concentration is different for each cation type/mixture and was derived by using the strategy outlined in Example 6.1.2. Table 13 shows the data of AR reduction and corresponding recovery for the different anion/cation types.

TABLE 13 Effect of Anion/Cation Type AR reduction Resin Buffer Condition Load Yield ΔAR Poros 50PI 5 mM Acetate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 94% 1.2% 2.5 mM Formate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 92% 1.3% 5 mM Acetate/Arginine, pH 8.8 300 g/L 93% 4.5% Poros 50HQ 15 mM Acetate/Arginine, pH 8.7 300 g/L 89% 3.2% 10 mM Formate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 83% 4.9% 18 mM Acetate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 86% 5.9% Capto DEAE 10 mM Acetate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 95% 2.5% 10 mM Formate/Tris, pH 8.7 300 g/L 94% 1.0% 5 mM Acetate/Arginine, pH 9.0 200 g/L 41% 7.5%

6.1.8. Example AEX 7: Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Different Loading

Furthermore, the strategy outlined in Example 6.1.2. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer anion type, anion concentration, AEX adsorbent, and pH can be applied to any range of protein loading. A range of relevant protein loadings (e.g. 100-350 g/L) for Poros 50HQ at pH 8.7 using Acetate as the anion is shown in Table 14, displaying a robust AR reduction across the loading range investigated.

TABLE 14 Impact of Column loading Yield Load (100-100 mAU) ΔAR 100 g/L 78% 9.7% 200 g/L 78% 4.7% 250 g/L 85% 6.0% 300 g/L 89% 3.9% 350 g/L 84% 3.1%

6.1.9. Example AEX 8: Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Different Load Concentration

Furthermore, the strategy outlined in Example 6.1.2. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer anion type, anion concentration, AEX adsorbent, and pH can be applied to any range of column feed streams of varying protein concentration. A range of varying protein load concentration for a 300 g/L load of adalimumab to Poros 50HQ at 15 mM acetate/Tris pH 8.7 is shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Effect of Protein Load concentration Load Yield Concentration (100-100 mAU) ΔAR  5 mg/mL 90% 4.7% 10 mg/mL 86% 4.5% 15 mg/mL 85% 6.3% 20 mg/mL 84% 6.2%

6.2.10. Example AEX 9: Alternative Wash Modalities

In this example, adalimumab and Poros50HQ resin were selected. In each experiment, variations were made in the equilibration, loading, and washing pH values at a given acetate concentration (as specified). Table 16 and Table 17 show the effect of the pH variation in the step yield and AR reduction.

TABLE 16 Differences in pH in Equil/Wash/Load Poros 50HQ - 15 mM Acetate/Tris - pH 8.7 - 200 g/L Equilibration Yield pH Load pH Wash pH (100-100 mAU) ΔAR 8.7 8.7 8.5 83% 8.7% 9 8.5 8.5 89% 5.1% 9 100 g/L at pH 9.0 8.5 94% 4.5% 100 g/L at pH 8.5

TABLE 17 Differences in pH in Load/Wash Poros 50HQ - 18 mM Acetate/Tris pH 8.7 Load pH Wash pH Load Yield ΔAR 8.6 8.4  75 g/L 88.8% 4.1% 8.6 8.5 125 g/L 89.5% 4.2% 8.6 8.6 100 g/L 75.5% 5.3% 8.7 8.4 100 g/L 93.8% 4.1% 8.7 8.5 100 g/L 81.7% 3.5% 8.7 8.5  75 g/L 94.5% 4.0% 8.7 8.6 125 g/L 81.1% 5.4% 8.7 8.6  75 g/L 65.8% 6.5% 8.8 8.4 125 g/L 93.5% 3.8% 8.8 8.5 100 g/L 83.7% 5.8% 8.8 8.6 100 g/L 78.4% 6.4% 8.8 8.6  75 g/L 72.7% 7.0% As discussed in the previous sections, the operational pH and its relation to the product pI is important in the reduction of AR species in AEX. Similarly, the operational pH relative to the pKa of the AEX adsorbent is also important as many mAbs have pI similar to the pKa of the AEX adsorbent. This effect is shown in FIG. 24 for mAb B with several different AEX adsorbents, with different pKa values, run at with an acetate/Tris buffer at pH 9.1.

As described in previous sections the Acidic Region for Adalimumab is further grouped into two regions termed AR1 and AR2, based on a certain retention time of the peaks seen on the WCX-10 method. The characteristics of the variants in these two regions are expected to be different and hence the methods that reduce variants belonging to these groups can be specifically delineated.

Further, in addition to achieving a certain AR reduction, it may be desirable to achieve a certain absolute level of AR levels, in consideration of reducing or removing certain variants. The capability of the current invention in achieving a certain absolute level of AR, AR1 and AR2 is demonstrated in Table 18. The method of the current invention can effectively reduce AR2 levels, as an overall decrease in AR levels is achieved. The method can be used to achieve a target absolute level, as exemplified by the data presented in Table 18. Multiple species are present under the group of AR2 and that the current method of invention can be used to reduce such sub-species. The method of the current invention can effectively achieve AR reduction as well as achieve a target absolute level of acidic species as exemplified by the data presented in Table 18.

TABLE 18 AR1, AR2, and AR removal Final Final Resin Buffer Condition pH Load Yield ΔAR1 AR1 ΔAR2 AR2 ΔAR Poros 50PI 5 mM 8.5 150 g/L 90% 0.7% 1.5% 1.7% 9.4% 2.4% Acetate/Tris 300 g/L 94% 0.3% 1.9% 0.6% 10.5% 0.9% 8.7 150 g/L 87% 0.9% 1.2% 2.7% 8.2% 3.6% 300 g/L 94% 0.4% 1.7% 0.8% 10.1% 1.2% 8.9 150 g/L 83% 1.1% 1.4% 2.8% 8.4% 3.9% 300 g/L 92% 0.7% 1.8% 0.7% 10.5% 1.5% Poros 18 mM 8.5 250 g/L 91% 2.9% 1.1% 0.9% 10.8% 3.8% 50HQ Acetate/Tris 350 g/L 88% 2.7% 1.3% −0.5% 12.2% 2.2% 8.7 250 g/L 88% 3.1% 0.9% 2.9% 9.0% 6.0% 350 g/L 84% 2.8% 1.2% 0.3% 11.6% 3.1% 8.9 250 g/L 67% 2.6% 1.4% 3.2% 8.6% 5.9% 350 g/L 75% 2.3% 1.7% 1.3% 10.5% 3.6% CaptoDEAE 10 mM 8.5 150 g/L 98% −0.1% 2.1% 0.8% 10.0% 0.7% Acetate/Tris 300 g/L 97% 0.0% 2.0% 0.1% 10.8% 0.1% 8.7 150 g/L 78% 2.4% 0.8% 4.7% 6.4% 7.1% 300 g/L 95% 1.5% 1.7% 1.0% 10.1% 2.5% 8.9 150 g/L 29% 2.1% 0.8% 8.0% 3.0% 10.2% 300 g/L 82% 1.7% 1.2% 3.3% 7.7% 5.0%

6.1.11. Example AEX 10: Demonstration of HCP and Aggregate Reduction in Addition to AR Reduction

AEX chromatography is effective in reducing aggregate and HCP levels. In the present invention, it has been demonstrated that HCP and aggregate levels can be effectively reduced under operating conditions selected for AR reduction. Table 19 and Table 20 shows the aggregate and HCP removal achieved along with AR reduction. The data clearly shows that other process related and product related substances/impurities can be achieved using the current invention on the AEX adsorbents, and hence functions as an effective polishing step in the large scale purification of monoclonal antibodies.

TABLE 19 Aggregate removal during AEX Chromatography ΔAggregate Buffer Condition Load Yield Absolute Relative ΔAR 5 mM Acetate/ 300 g/L 81% 0.92% 93% 4.5% Tris, pH 9.0 10 mM Acetate/ 227 g/L 80% 0.81% 88% 2.4% Tris, pH 9.0 18.5 mM Acetate/ 107 g/L 88% 0.37% 41% 1.0% Tris, pH 9.0 5 mM Acetate/ 300 g/L 93% 0.91% 91% 4.5% Tris, pH 8.8 10 mM Acetate/ 227 g/L 88% 0.67% 77% 2.5% Arginine, pH 8.8 18.5 mM Acetate/ 108 g/L 96% 0.34% 40% 1.2% Arginine, pH 8.8

TABLE 20 HCP Removal during AEX Chromatography Poros 50PI - D2E7 - 300 g/L Load HCP Pool HCP HCP Buffer Condition Yield (ng/mL) (ng/mL) (LRF) ΔAR 5 mM Acetate/ 81% 11,617 69 2.2 4.8% Tris, pH 9.0 10 mM Acetate/ 95% 83 2.1 0.8% Tris, pH 9.0 5 mM Acetate/ 93% 13,507 51 2.4 4.5% Tris, pH 8.8 10 mM Acetate/ 97% 84 2.2 1.5% Arginine, pH 8.8

6.1.12. Example AEX 11: Demonstration of Means of Controlling AR Reduction

Controlling the final product quality by modifying the process based on the quality of the intermediate material is an approach that has been proposed as an effective way of ensuring product quality, with the view of ensuring safety and efficacy.

Considering that the AR levels generated during cell culture and other upstream steps can be variable, it is desirable to design a downstream process step that implements a means of controlling the product quality; and to further have a specific means of controlling a process parameter to influence the quality of the product.

In the current invention, such a control is possible, as the pH and load (i.e. g/L) are parameters that can be modified to achieve a desired separation of the AR species. For example, to achieve a higher level of AR reduction at a given anion concentration and pH, the load to the column can be reduced. Additionally, for a given anion concentration and loading, the pH can be increased in order to achieve a higher reduction in AR species.

As an example, and not to be restrictive in any manner, it has been demonstrated in this example that the AR levels can be controlled by changing the pH of the load and wash solutions as well as the total load to the column. A pilot scale Poros HQ column (10 cm diameter×22.5 cm height, 1.8 L), was used for this study.

The load material and the stock buffer are both prepared at 18 mM Acetate/Tris the specified pH by titrating the affinity captured material with a stock Tris solution. The AR level of the load material was the same for both runs. This experiment demonstrates how the final AR level can be modulated, while maintaining acceptable yields, by adjusting the pH and protein load to the column, shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21 Modulating AR Reduction using Process Analytical Technology approach Final Buffer Condition Load Yield ΔAR AR 18 mM Acetate/Tris, pH 8.7 200 g/L 77% 5.6% 5.5% 18 mM Acetate/Tris, pH 8.5 300 g/L 89% 3.1% 8.2%

6.2. Cation Exchange Chromatography Examples 6.2.1. Example CEX 1: Determining Operating Conditions Appropriate for a Mab: Resin: Buffer Combination

The demonstration of the current invention for a specific antibody & resin is provided in this example, and consists of

-   -   1. Choosing a pH that is below the pI of the protein.     -   2. Choosing a NaCl concentration in the range of 100 to 150 mM         and performing the experiments at, for example, 115, 125, 135         concentrations.     -   3. Determining the acidic species distribution in the ft/wash         fraction vs the elution.     -   4. Choosing a NaCl concentration that provides the desired         acidic species levels and recovery

In this example, adalimumab was chosen and Poros XS was chosen. The experiments were performed at pH 6.0. The process chromatograms are shown in FIG. 5. The recovery vs AR reduction curves for each of the experiments is shown in FIG. 6 and Table 22. From this set of experiments, a sodium concentration of 125 mM can be chosen and such that the recovery of the eluate is 74%, which provides an AR reduction of 5.4%. Alternately, an AR reduction value of 5.4% can be chosen which will provide a recovery of −75%.

This general approach is used to determine the appropriate operating condition for any resin/mAb combination, to implement the invention.

In practicing certain embodiments of the current invention, the acidic species reduction desired can be achieved by appropriate pooling of the elution fraction with the wash fractions. In the example described in the previous section the elution fractions can be pooled with wash fractions as shown in Table 22 to achieve AR reductions from about 1 percent to 7 percent depending on the fractions pooled. This approach can be implemented to achieve a target yield and AR reduction as exemplified in FIG. 6.

TABLE 22 Wash fractions and eluate combination versus AR reduction Recovery % AR Wash Fractions (%) Reduction Eluate 74 5.4 Eluate + Fraction 1 82 4.3 Eluate + Fraction 1 + Fraction 2 88 3.0 Eluate + Fraction 1 + Fraction 2 + Fraction 3 95 0.9 Eluate + Fraction 1 + Fraction 2 + Fraction 3 + 96 0.1 Fraction 4

6.2.2. Example CEX 2: Demonstration of AR Reduction with CEX Adsorbents

This data set is compiled to demonstrate the AR reduction achieved with 8 different CEX adsorbents. Conditions were derived for each resin based on the strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. Table 23 outlines the conditions used and the AR reduction achieved and the corresponding recovery achieved.

The data clearly shows that the technology is robust in delivering AR reduction in all the 10 resins. As described in Example 6.2.1., the AR reduction can be balanced with recovery and an optimal condition can be chosen. Experiments were performed at pH 7.5. 29 mM Tris-acetate was used for pH control.

TABLE 23 Effect of CEX adsorbents on AR reduction % AR Resin Tris concentration (mM) Yield (%) Reduction Poros XS 135 103.3 0.7 140 78.6 6.8 145 72.6 7.3 Poros HS 100 70.0 6.7 105 68.7 7.1 110 60.6 7.6 Capto SP ImpRes 50 71.5 5.7 55 61.0 6.3 60 46.2 6.8 Nuvia S 75 67.6 10.0 80 54.3 10.8 85 41.0 12.2 Giga Cap CM 650 55 70.3 6.0 57.5 62.7 7.0 60 55.6 8.6 Eshmuno S 65 52.7 9.0 70 35.4 11.2 75 22.7 12.2 Giga Cap S 650 65 66.3 8.4 70 43.6 11.1 75 31.4 12.1 CM Hyper D 45 72.2 8.9 47.5 63.2 9.9 50 51.5 10.3

6.2.3. Example CEX 3: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Other Antibodies: mAb B and mAb C

AR reduction technology of the current invention has been demonstrated with multiple antibodies using CEX Adsorbents. Antibodies have different amounts of charged residues and at different positions, leading to a charge interaction behavior on a CEX column that differs from one antibody to another. Therefore the impact of cation type, cation concentration is different for each antibody.

For each antibody/resin combination, the experimental strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. was employed to determine the cation concentration for each cation type that provided AR reduction.

Table 24 and Table 25 below shows the data for MAB B and MAB C. The data clearly demonstrates that the AR reduction technology works very effectively for other antibodies. It is also clear that the concentration ranges are different between different antibodies. The pH range chosen was related to the isoelectric point of the antibody and was chosen to be approximately 1 to 2 units less than the pI of the molecule.

TABLE 24 AR reduction for molecule B Buffer Concentration % AR Resin System (mM) pH Yield (%) Reduction Poros XS Tris Acetate 120 7.5 57.2 8.4 125 46.5 9.3 130 37.1 10.3 Nuvia S 85 72.5 16.6 90 56.1 16.9 95 44.2 17 CM Hyper D 50 73 8.2 55 62 9.2 60 52.6 9.2

TABLE 25 AR reduction for molecule C Concen- Buffer tration Yield Load % AR Resin System (mM) pH (%) % AR Reduction Poros XS Tris 40 6.0 87.4 15.6 8.5 Acetate 45 56.8 15.7 12.8 50 31.3 15.7 14.3 Nuvia S 35 45.1 11.5 11.2 37 28.5 15.4 15.2 40 15.3 15.2 15.2 CM Hyper 18 83.6 16.3 6.3 D 20 64.9 16.3 11.2 22 50.7 16.4 12.3

6.2.4. Example CEX 4: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different pH Conditions—Adalimumab

The AR species in the current invention is removed in the Flow through/Wash fraction. Therefore the binding pH is a key variable. The cation concentration that provides the desired performance will vary with the binding pH. Therefore for each binding pH, the experimental strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. is carried out to determine the range of ion concentration that results in AR reduction.

The results of the experiments with different pHs for Adalimumab is shown in Table 26. As can be seen, at lower pH, the cation concentration required to achieve AR removal in the wash fraction is higher. It is unexpected that the AR reduction is significantly more robust and optimal at higher pHs (closer to pI) than at lower pHs. It is not obvious to one skilled in the art to operate a cation exchange chromatography at pH closer to pI as shown in Table 27. Literature data suggests an optimal pH of at least 3 units less than the pI of the molecule.

TABLE 26 Effect of pH on AR reduction Buffer Concentration Yield % AR pH Resin Buffer System (mM) (%) Reduction 5.5 Poros XS Tris Acetate 350 58.2 5.9 6.5 225 61.4 6.4 7 170 75.3 5.6 7.5 140 78.6 6.8 8 125 75.8 5.7 7.5 CM Hyper D Ammonium 4 77.9 7.4 Sulfate 6 Sodium Chloride 45 86.1 4 6.8 30 71.5 7 7.5 10 71.3 6.8 7.5 Tris Acetate 45 72.2 8.9

TABLE 27 Effect of delta pH and pI on AR reduction pI- Buffer [Cation] Yield % AR pH Molecule Resin system (mM) (%) Reduction 1.1 Adalimumab Poros XS Arginine/ 60/29 58.9 7.8 Tris Acetate 2.2 Sodium 125 73.5 5.4 1.8 Chloride 75 90 1.5 1.1 50 72.1 7.2 3.1 Tris Acetate 350 58.2 5.9 2.1 225 61.4 6.4 1.6 170 75.3 5.6 1.1 145 72.6 7.3 0.6 125 75.8 5.7 1.6 mAb B Poros XS Tris Acetate 120 57.2 8.4 1.6 CM Hyper Tris Acetate 50 73 8.2 D 1.6 Nuvia S Tris Acetate 85 72.5 8.4 1.0 mAb C Poros XS Tris Acetate 40 87.4 8.5 1.0 CM Hyper Tris Acetate 18 83.6 6.3 D 1.0 Nuvia S Tris Acetate 35 45.1 11.2

6.2.5. Example CEX 5: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Ion Concentrations—Adalimumab

Cation concentration is a key variable in the performance of cation exchange chromatography. For every combination of antibody/resin/pH there is a range of cation concentrations that provides AR reduction; the strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1 can be followed to determine the AR reduction and the corresponding recovery for each cation concentration.

Table 28 below shows the effect of cation concentration on AR reduction. The table also includes the effect of cation concentration for different pH values. The data demonstrates that the AR reduction can be effectively achieved over a range of cation concentrations at each pH and that the concentration ranges depend on the pH. The table also includes an example of the concentration range for a different cation type.

TABLE 28 Effect of cation concentration and pH on AR reduction Cation concentration Yield % AR (mM) Buffer system pH Resin (%) Reduction 60/29 Arginine/Tris 7.5 Poros XS 58.9 7.8 65/29 Acetae 47.4 8.7 23 80.5 5.8 25 72.9 7.3 27 52.2 9.5 115 Sodium Chloride 6 85.4 4.2 125 73.5 5.4 130 48.7 7.1 75 6.8 90 1.5 90 53.7 2.1 45 7.5 60.7 7.9 50 72.1 7.2 350 Tris Acetate 5.5 58.2 5.9 375 38.4 7.4 400 29.9 6.2 225 6.5 61.4 6.4 250 59.5 6.6 275 37.6 7.8 300 21.6 8.8 165 7 83.8 4.3 170 75.3 5.6 175 70.3 5.7 140 7.5 78.6 6.8 145 72.6 7.3 150 69.2 7.8 175 29.8 10.3 125 8 75.8 5.7 130 67.7 6.5 135 57.4 7.5

6.2.6 Example CEX 6: Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Different Buffer Systems with Adalimumab

The cation type and concentration are key variables in Cation Exchange Chromatography. The invention has been demonstrated with Tris, Sodium/Tris, Ammonium/Tris and Arginine/Tris as cation types/mixtures with effective reduction of AR in each case. As one skilled in the art would appreciate the optimal pH and cation concentration is different for each cation type/mixture and was derived by using the strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. Experiment were performed at pH 7.5. 29 mM Tris-acetate was used for pH control. Table 29 shows the data of AR reduction and corresponding recovery for the different cation types/mixtures.

TABLE 29 Effect of cation types/mixtures on AR reduction Cation concentration Yield % AR Buffer System Resin (mM) pH (%) Reduction Arginine/Tris Poros XS 60 7.5 58.9 7.8 acetate Ammonium 25 72.9 7.3 Sulfate Sodium Chloride 50 72.1 7.2 Tris Acetate 140 78.6 6.8 Ammonium CM Hyper D 4 77.9 7.4 Sulfate Sodium Chloride 10 71.3 6.8 Tris Acetate 45 72.2 8.9 Ammonium Nuvia S 11 66.6 12.6 Sulfate Sodium Chloride 20 75.9 10.5 Tris Acetate 75 67.6 10

6.2.7. Example CEX 7: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Loading

Furthermore, the strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH can be applied to any range of protein loading which represents an operational mode of binding followed by elution, i.e. not overloaded or a column load factor below that of the adsorbents binding capacity. A range of relevant protein loadings for Poros XS at pH 7.5 using Tris as the cation is shown in Table 30 showing robust AR reduction.

TABLE 30 Impact of Column loading Column Loading (g product/L Buffer Concentration % AR resin) System (mM) pH Yield (%) Reduction 25 Tris 160 7.5 83.6 6.4 30 155 79.4 6.0 35 140 87.4 4.8 38 140 83.5 5.0 40 140 76.4 6.0 42 140 74.5 5.7 45 140 67.0 6.6

6.2.8. Example CEX 18: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Load Concentration

Furthermore, the strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH can be applied to any range of column feed streams of varying protein concentration. A range of varying protein load concentration for Poros XS at pH 7.5 using Tris as the cation is shown in Table 31 showing robust AR reduction.

TABLE 31 Effect of Protein Load concentration Load Concen- Concen- tration Buffer tration Yield % AR (mg/mL) Resin System (mM) pH (%) Reduction 3 Poros XS Tris 140 7.5 77.3 7 4 Acetate 145 60.7 7 5 140 78.7 6.7 5 145 64.1 7 6 145 59.5 6.9 7 140 77.6 6.5

As described above, the Acidic Region for Adalimumab is further grouped into two regions termed AR1 and AR2, based on a certain retention time of the peaks seen on the WCX-10 method. The characteristics of the variants in these two regions are expected to be different and hence the methods that reduce variants belonging to these groups can be specifically delineated.

Further, in addition to achieving a certain AR reduction, it may be desirable to achieve a certain absolute level of AR levels, in consideration of reducing or removing certain variants. The capability of the current invention in achieving a certain absolute level of AR, AR1 and AR2 is demonstrated in Table 32.

The specific species comprising the AR1 species can be identified and quantitated, to demonstrate reduction of such species by methods of the current invention. Two of such species, Glycated mAb, and MGO modified mAb have been identified and shown to be reduced by the methods of this invention. While these species are among the Acidic Species part of the charge variants, the acidic species typically described in the literature is the deamidated mAb, which is distinctly different.

TABLE 32 The final impurity level Cation Conc. Yield % Buffer System (mM) pH (%) Final AR1 % Final AR Arginine/Tris 60 7.5 58.9 0.3 5.8 Acetate 65 7.5 47.4 0.3 4.7 Ammonium Sulfate 23 7.5 80.5 0.6 8.3 25 7.5 72.9 0 6.4 27 7.5 52.2 0.4 5.0 Sodium Chloride 115 6 85.4 1.3 10.2 125 6 73.5 0 8.1 135 6 48.7 0 6.1 75 6.8 90 1.4 10.9 90 6.8 53.7 0.7 11.2 45 7.5 60.7 0 6.2 50 7.5 72.1 0 7.8 Tris Acetate 350 5.5 58.2 0 7.7 375 5.5 38.4 0.1 6.2 400 5.5 29.9 1.5 7.3 225 6.5 61.4 0.8 7.2 250 6.5 59.5 0 6.8 275 6.5 37.6 0 5.6 300 6.5 21.6 0 4.7

The method of the current invention can effectively reduce AR2 levels, as an overall decrease in AR levels is achieved. The method can be used to achieve a target absolute level, as exemplified by the data presented in Table 32.

The method of the current invention can effectively achieve AR reduction as well as achieve a target absolute level of acidic species as exemplified by the data presented in Table 32.

6.2.9. Example CEX 9 Demonstration of Glycated and Methylglyoxylated Species Reduction

The strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH can be further extended to specific post-translational modifications. While acidic species are defined in the application as impurities that are less retained than the main peak on an analytical weak cation exchange (WCX) HPLC column, specific known product related substances derived from cellular metabolism modification such as glycation and methylglyoxal (MGO) can be specifically identified as being part of the acidic species. FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 shows the outcome of in-vitro labeling experiments which demonstrate that glycation and MGO modified antibody are unique species that are resolved by the WCX method in the AR1 region of the chromatogram and can be enriched in vitro. Furthermore, the invention described here shows that glycated and MGO modified antibody can be effectively removed through the careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH using the CEX as described in Example 6.2.1. Quantitative reduction of AR1 and hence the Glycated and MGO species by CEX and CEX-Mixed Mode resins is show in Table 33 and Table 34.

TABLE 33 Glycated species removal Load Load % AR1 % AR Buffer Conc. Yield % % Reduc- Reduc- Resin System (mM) pH (%) AR1 AR tion tion Poros XS Tris 135 7.5 54.0 40.8 58.6 30.8 34.8

TABLE 34 MGO peak removal Concen- Buffer tration Yield % AR1 % AR Resin System (mM) pH (%) Reduction Reduction Toyo Pearl MX Tris 80 7.5 66.7 2.8 7.2 TRP 650M Poros XS 145 64.1 2.7 7 Nuvia S 90 48.5 3.1 9.6

6.2.10 Example CEX 10: Demonstration of Lysine Distribution Modification

The strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. to reduce acidic species also can be used to modulate the distribution of C-terminal Lys variants of monoclonal antibodies, a known post-translational modification leading to charge heterogeneity. Some minor changes in the distribution of Lys isoforms is expected through the reduction of acidic species as the WCX analysis is a compositional analysis. However, through careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH care, in addition to reducing acidic species, the elution pool can be enriched for the more basic isoforms (Lys 1 and Lys2). Table 35 and FIG. 9 depicts a non-limited example of the impact of pH and cation (Tris) concentration on basic isoform enrichment.

TABLE 35 Change in Lysine distribution during CEX Chromatography - impact of Tris concentration Buffer % LYS0 % LYS1 Buffer Concentration decrease Increase % LYS2 Increase System (mM) pH 1.6 4.4 2.7 Tris 350 5.5 5 6.5 5.5 Acetate 375 9.7 7.5 11.9 400 1.9 5 2.9 225 6.5 1.9 5.3 3 250 6.1 7.4 6 275 11.8 8.6 10.8 300 0.2 5.2 1.6 140 7.5 0.6 5.7 1.8 145 1.8 6.8 2.4 150 16.4 14.9 10.3 175

6.2.11. Example CEX 11: Demonstration of HCP and Aggregate Reduction in Addition to AR Reduction

In the present invention, it has been demonstrated that HCP and aggregate levels can be effectively reduced by appropriate adjustment of the elution conditions, after washing off the AR enriched species in the flow through/wash fractions.

Table 36 and Table 37 shows the HCP and aggregate removal achieved along with AR reduction. The data clearly shows that other process related and product related substances/impurities can be achieved using the current invention on the CEX adsorbents, and hence functions as an effective polishing step in the large scale purification of monoclonal antibodies.

TABLE 36 Aggregate removal during CEX Chromatography % % Aggregate % Fragment Monomer Resin Molecule Buffer system pH Reduction Reduction Increase CM Hyper D adalimumab 5 mM 7.5 0.04 0.17 0.2 Ammonium Sulfate 45 mM Tris 0.01 0.18 0.19 Acetate Nuvia S 11.5 mM 0.16 0.17 0.33 Ammonium Sulfate 75 mM Tris 0.09 0.11 0.2 Acetate 22.5 mM 0.08 0.19 0.27 Sodium Chloride Poros XS 27 mM 0.75 0.27 1.02 Ammonium Sulfate 140 mM Tris 0.51 0.41 0.92 Acetate 145 mM Tris 0.58 0.41 0.98 Acetate Nuvia S mAb B 85 mM Tris 0.19 0.27 0.47 Acetate Poros XS 130 mM Tris 0.36 0.04 0.39 Acetate Nuvia S mAb C 35 mM Tris 6.0 0.07 0.01 0.07 Acetate Poros XS 50 mM Tris 0.27 0 0.28 Acetate

TABLE 37 HCP Removal during CEX Chromatography Eluate Pool Buffer Load HCP HCP Reduction Resin Molecule system pH (ng/mg) (ng/mg) fold CM Hyper D adalimumab 5 mM 7.5 8105 3844 2.1 Ammonium Sulfate 45 mM Tris 8628 5615 1.5 Nuvia S 11.5 mM 5314 2405 2.2 Ammonium Sulfate 75 mM Tris 17317 12845 1.4 Acetate 22.5 mM 9091 4115 2.2 Sodium Chloride Poros XS 27 mM 21857 12574 1.0 Ammonium Sulfate 140 mM Tris 14732 9181 1.7 Acetate 145 mM Tris 15359 10113 1.6 Acetate Nuvia S mAb B 85 mM Tris 735 319 2.3 Acetate Poros XS 130 mM Tris 2183 404 5.4 Acetate Nuvia S mAb C 35 mM Tris 6.0 27 31 0.9 Acetate Poros XS 50 mM Tris 25 15 1.7 Acetate

6.2.11. Example CEX 12 Demonstration of Means of Controlling AR Reduction

Controlling the final product quality by modifying the process based on the quality of the intermediate material is an approach that has been proposed as an effective way of ensuring product quality, with the view of ensuring safety and efficacy.

Considering that the AR levels generated during cell culture and other upstream steps can be variable, it is desirable to design a downstream process step that implements a means of controlling the product quality; and to further have a specific means of controlling a process parameter to influence the quality of the product.

In the current invention, such a control is possible, as the cation concentration is a single parameter that can be modified to achieve a desired separation of the AR species. For example, to achieve a higher level of AR reduction, the Tris concentration of the loading material and the wash buffer can be decreased, such that the AR enriched species is collected in the flow through fraction.

As an example, and not to be restrictive in any manner, it has been demonstrated in this example that the AR levels can be controlled by changing the Tris concentration of the load and wash solutions. A pilot scale Poros XS column (10 cm diameter×22 cm height, 1.7 L), was used for this study.

The load material and the stock buffer are both prepared at 300 mM Tris concentration at the same pH. The AR level of the load material was measured to be X %. The load material and equilibration/wash buffer are in-line diluted to the target Tris concentration based on predetermined correlation between the AR levels and Tris concentration. As demonstrated in the example, when the Tris concentration was adjusted to 156 mM, a final AR reduction of 4.1% was achieved, whereas when the Tris conc. was adjusted to 150 mM, a final AR level of 3.1 was achieved etc (Table 38). This allows very predictable control of the AR levels ensuring achievement of the desired product quality.

TABLE 38 Controlling AR Reduction using Process Analytical Technology approach Tris conc % AR (mM) Yield (%) Reduction 156 51.9 4.1 150 70.5 3.1 131 95.3 1.3

In addition to the acidic species reduction demonstrated in Example CEX 1 through careful control of the pH cation type and concentration in the load (process stream) and equilibration/wash buffers, the composition of the elution buffer can also be used to further improve the product quality profiles. The impact of various cation types, concentration and pH were tested for eluting the product. There is a wide selection for elution buffer as shown in Table 39. The experiments were performed using Poros XS resin

TABLE 39 Elution buffer types on aggregates removal % Aggregate Buffer System pH Yield (%) Reduction 200 mM Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 5.2 76.1 0.36 Acetate 160 mM Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 5.2 82.3 0.82 Acetate 150M Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 5.2 78.8 0.90 Acetate 140M Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 5.2 78.2 1.00 Acetate 400 mM Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 4.0 78.5 0.98 Acetate 100 mM Sodium Sulfate/140 mM Tris 5.2 70.9 1.25 Acetate 150 mM Sodium Sulfate/140 mM Tris 5.2 79.6 1.05 Acetate 140M Sodium Sulfate/140 mM Tris 5.2 75.4 1.07 Acetate 130 mM Sodium Sulfate/140 mM Tris 5.2 78.2 1.07 Acetate 300 mM Sodium Sulfate/30 mM Tris 4.6 80.3 0.57 Acetate 150 mM Sodium Sulfate/29 mM Tris 7.5 75.0 0.92 Acetate

6.2.13. Example CEX 13 Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Cation-HIC Mixed Mode Resin

The strategy outlined in Example 6.2.1. to reduce acidic species through careful control of buffer cation type, concentration and pH can be expanded to include other chromatography adsorbents such as mixed mode or multi-modal absorbents which include a cation exchange mechanism. Table 40 outlines the conditions used and the AR reduction achieved for two cation-hydrophobic interaction mixed mode resins. The data clearly shows that the technology outlined in Example 6.2.1. is robust in delivering AR reduction for these types of resins across in addition to traditional cation exchange adsorbents. As described in Example 6.2.1, the AR reduction can be balanced with recovery and an optimal condition can be chosen. As a further demonstration, molecule 2 was also evaluated (Table 41) with the same outcome showing the same relationship between cation concentration, recovery and AR reduction. As previously shown in Example 6.2.6, the optimal condition for different molecules varies. Furthermore, this technology when applied to CEX-HIC mixed mode resins also shows reduction of impurities as previously described.

TABLE 40 Adalimumab AR Reduction by Cation Exchange Mixed Mode Chromatography Tris Concentration Yield % AR Resin Buffer System (mM) pH (%) Reduction Nuvia C Prime Tris Acetate 70 7.5 63.8 6.5 72.5 7.5 61.1 6.0 75 7.5 57.1 6.7 Toyo Pearl 75 7.5 80 5.7 MX Trp 650M 80 7.5 66.7 7.2 85 7.5 51.8 8.6

TABLE 41 Molecule B AR Reduction by Cation Exchange Mixed Mode Chromatography Concentration Yield % AR Resin Buffer System (mM) pH (%) Reduction Nuvia C Prime Tris Acetate 75 7.5 86.0 2.0 85 7.5 74.6 5.9 95 7.5 61.3 6.8 Toyo Pearl 90 7.5 81.1 6.4 MX Trp 650M 95 7.5 68.8 8.8 100 7.5 53.5 10.7

As described in previous sections, the Acidic Region for Adalimumab is further grouped into two regions termed AR1 and AR2, based on a certain retention time of the peaks seen on the WCX-10 method. The characteristics of the variants in these two regions are expected to be different and hence the methods that reduce variants belonging to these groups can be specifically delineated.

Further, in addition to achieving a certain AR reduction, it may be desirable to achieve a certain absolute level of AR levels, in consideration of reducing or removing certain variants. The capability of the current invention in achieving a certain absolute level of AR, AR1 and AR2 is demonstrated in Table 42A with Tables 42B and 42C indicating the levels of additional process-related impurities or product-related substances.

The specific species comprising the AR1 species can be identified and quantitated, to demonstrate reduction of such species by methods of the current invention. While these species are among the Acidic Species part of the charge variants, the acidic species typically described in the literature is the deamidated mAb, which is distinctly different. These results show that the Cation Exchange Resin with additional pendant hydrophobic interaction functionality, is able to provide AR reduction effectively, similar to the CEX Adsorbents.

TABLE 42A Final acidic species level for Adalimumab Tris Buffer Concentration Yield Final Final Final Resin System (mM) pH (%) % AR1 % AR2 % AR Nuvia C Prime Tris Acetate 70 7.5 63.8 0.39 4.64 5.03 72.5 7.5 61.1 0.36 4.4 4.75 75 7.5 63.8 0.39 4.06 4.45 Toyo Pearl MX 75 7.5 80 0.6 4.2 4.8 Trp 650M 80 7.5 66.7 0.5 3.2 3.7 85 7.5 51.8 0.2 2.2 2.4

TABLE 42B Aggregates/Fragments Reduction by Cation Exchange Mixed Mode Chromatography % Buffer % Aggregate % Fragment Monomer Resin Molecule System pH Reduction Reduction Increase Nuvia C prime adalimumab 70 mM Tris 7.5 0.3 0.34 0.63 Toyo Pearl MX Trp 75 mM Tris 0.08 0.56 0.65 650M Nuvia C prime Molecule B 85 mM Tris 0.87 1.18 2.04 Toyo Pearl MX Trp 95 mM Tris 0.0 1.8 1.8 650M

TABLE 4C HCP Reduction by Cation Exchange Mixed Mode Chromatography Eluate pool Load HCP HCP Fold Resin Compound Buffer pH (ng/mg) (ng/mg) Reduction Toyo Pearl MX Trp 650M adalimumab 70 mM Tris 7.5 202.6 38.9 5.2 Nuvia C prime 75 mM Tris 205.5 72.8 2.8 Toyo Pearl MX Trp 650M Molecule B 95 mM Tris 983.3 137.1 7.2 Nuvia C prime 85 mM Tris 1011.3 88.2 11.5

6.2.14. Example CEX 14 Demonstration of Ar Reduction in Process Combinations

The method described above for reducing acidic species using cation exchange can be used as an independent operation or in combination with other process steps that provide additional acidic species reduction or those providing additional complementary and supplementary purification (See tables 43-50). The following process combinations are provided here as non-limiting examples

1. Affinity→MM→CEX

2. Affinity→AEX→CEX

3. Affinity→CEX

4. CEX Capture→CEX

6.3. Mixed Mode Chromatography Examples 6.3.1. Example MM1: Resin: Buffer Combination

In this example one of the approaches outlined in the general description was employed to determine the operating conditions to implement the invention. Specifically, a response surface design DOE was applied to evaluate mAb AR reductions and recovery yields.

The demonstration of the current invention for a specific antibody & resin is provided in this example, and consists of

1. Choosing a pH in the range of 6.8 to 8.4.

2. Choosing a conductivity in the range of 2.3 to 13.7 mS/cm.

3. Determining the acidic species distribution in the ft/wash fractions.

4. Choosing an optimal pH and conductivity that provides the desired acidic species levels and recovery

In this example, Adalimumab and resin Capto Adhere were chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system at target pH and conductivity listed in Table 51 The load material was from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. This study demonstrated the effect of loading pH and conductivity on acidic species reduction. The acidic species reduction can be significantly affected by operating pH. AR reduction increased with increasing pH and/or decreasing conductivity (Table 51, Table 52 and FIG. 10)

TABLE 51 DOE study condition Tris Acetate Edge points for Response Buffer Range Surface pH 7.0-8.2  6.8, 8.4  Conductivity 4.0-12.0 2.3, 13.7

TABLE 52 DOE Study Operating Conditions and Results DOE exp pH Conductivity (mS/cm) ΔAR (%) Yield (%) 1 7.0 4.0 0.4 83 2 7.6 8.0 0.4 73 3 7.6 2.3 1.3 82 4 7.6 8.0 0.6 68 5 7.6 8.0 0.2 70 6 7.6 8.0 −0.2 69 7 8.2 4.0 2.1 67 8 7.6 8.0 1.3 69 9 7.0 12.0 −0.2 70 10 7.6 8.0 1.2 71 11 8.2 12.0 1.4 74 12 6.8 8.0 1.2 76 13 8.4 8.0 1.8 67 14 7.6 8.0 1.4 71 15 7.6 13.7 1.0 74 16 7.6 8.0 1.6 70 Note: AR reductions and protein recovery yields were calculated based on the Flow Through fractions at about loading 200 g protein per L of resin.

6.3.2. Example MM 2: Fraction Pooling

In this example, Adalimumab and resin Capto Adhere were chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system at pH 7.85 and conductivity of 2.5 mS/cm. The load material was from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. Column flow through was fractionated throughout the entire load and wash phases. Each fraction was analyzed for acidic species and protein recovery. FIG. 11, FIG. 12 and Table 53 demonstrate AR reduction achieved with the corresponding recovery. These AR reductions and recoveries correspond to the cumulative pools of the fractions from the start to the various points during the load/wash. This is depicted in Table 53 where the AR reductions corresponding to each of these pools. This data is plotted in FIG. 11.

TABLE 53 Cumulative AR reduction in Flowthrough/wash fractions Flowthrough Fraction Yield Δ AR1 Δ AR2 Δ AR ΔLys (Load & wash) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) A2 23 2.56 3.13 5.69 5.61 A2 + A3 45 2.31 2.19 4.49 4.37 A2 + A3 + A4 58 1.83 1.89 3.72 3.63 A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 65 1.57 1.58 3.15 3.06 A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 73 1.38 1.32 2.70 2.61 A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 + B7 86 1.26 1.12 2.38 2.30 A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 + 89 1.19 0.91 2.09 2.02 B7 + B6 A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 + 90 1.14 0.82 1.96 1.89 B7 + B6 + B5 Note: “A” Fractions are load fractions and “B” Fractions are wash fractions

6.3.3. Example MM 3: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Mixed Mode Adsorbents

In this example, Adalimumab was chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system at pH 7.85 and conductivity of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mS/cm. The same load material was applied to different mixed mode resin columns. The load material was from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. Table 54 shows that all three mixed mode resins could reduce mAb acidic species. Due to the differences of resin ligands, the AR reduction level may slightly vary under certain conditions.

TABLE 54 Adalimumab AR Reduction and Protein Recovery Yields Processed with Different Mixed Mode media Tris/Ac Buffer Capto Adhere HEA PPA Operating pH 7.85 pH 7.85 pH 7.85 Conditions 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm Yield (%) 50 52 58 49 52 56 40 43 47 AR Reduction 1.8 3.8 3.7 1.1 2.7 3.2 1.4 2.2 3.5 (%) Yield (%) 68 71 73 65 75 69 61 64 63 AR Reduction 1.1 2.7 2.7 0.5 1.8 2.1 0.4 1.9 2.6 (%)

6.3.4. Example MM 4 Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Other Antibodies: mAb B and mAb C

In this example, another two different monoclonal antibodies besides Adalimumab and resin Capto Adhere was chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system at multiple pH and conductivity condition. The load materials of all mAbs were from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. MAB C was also applied to another two MM resins besides Capto Adhere under the same operating conditions. The Table 55 outlines the operating conditions and the AR reduction achieved and the corresponding recovery achieved. The results demonstrate that the technology can also reduce acidic species for other monoclonal antibodies with optimal pH and conductivity conditions. Experiments were performed with Tris-acetate buffer system.

TABLE 55 AR Reductions and Protein Recovery for different mAb with Capto Adhere columns conductivity mAb pH (mS/cm) ΔAR (%) Yield (%) D2E7 7.85 3.5 3.8 52 7.85 2.5 3.7 58 MAB B 6.8 3.0 6.3 51 6.8 4.5 4.2 53 7.0 3.0 5.1 77 8.0 3.0 3.4 60 MAB C 9.0 3.0 5.3 73 8.5 3.0 3.5 54 8.0 3.0 3.7 50

FIG. 13 displays the MAB B cumulative pool AR broke through the column of Capto Adhere operated at pH 7.0 and conductivity of 3.0 mS/cm with Tris-Acetate buffer. FIG. 14 shows the MAB C cumulative pool AR broke through the column of Capto Adhere operated at pH 8.5 and conductivity of 3.0 mS/cm with Tris-Acetate buffer. Both of graphs demonstrate similar AR breakthrough curves with different AR values comparing to adalimumab (FIG. 12). FIG. 15 presents the AR breakthrough curves of Mab C with three different mixed mode resins with Tris-acetate buffer operated at pH 8.5 and conductivity of 3.0 mS/cm. The data clearly demonstrates that the AR reduction technology using mixed mode resins works very effectively for other antibodies.

6.3.5. Example MM 5: Demonstration of Relative pH on AR Reduction with Different Resins Using D2E7 Antibody Material

In this example, data compiled from different experiments is shown to demonstrate the impact of the pH choice, relative to the pI of the protein on AR reduction. This data set provides the basis for one skilled in the art to determine a pH range to implement the current invention. Further, this reiterates the fact that the pH choice depends on several factors and the relationship between pH and AR reduction is also mAb dependent. FIG. 16 demonstrates the impact of pH-pI and conductivity on AR reduction which compiled data from the experiments performed with Capto Adhere under conditions listed in Table 56. FIG. 17 shows the impact of pH-pI and conductivity on MAB B AR reduction including the experiments operated with Tris/Acetate buffer system and multiple mixed mode resins under the conditions listed in Table 57. FIG. 18 shows the impact of pH-pI and conductivity on MAB C AR reduction including the experiments operated with Tris/Acetate buffer system and multiple mixed mode resins under the conditions listed in FIG. 16. All the load materials were from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. It is also clear that the AR reduction can be achieved with the present invention with a range of pH choices, in the range of +0.5 to −2.5 pH units from pI for D2E7. One skilled in the art can choose an appropriate pH to achieve a target AR reduction.

TABLE 56 Operating conditions and AR reductions for D2E7 Buffer system pH pH-pI Conductivity (mS/cm) AR reduction Tris/Ac 7 −2.02 4 0.4 7.6 −1.42 8 0.4 7.6 −1.42 2.3 1.3 7.6 −1.42 8 0.6 7.6 −1.42 8 0.2 7.6 −1.42 8 −0.2 8.2 −0.82 4 2.1 7.6 −1.42 8 1.3 7 −2.02 12 −0.2 7.6 −1.42 8 1.2 8.2 −0.82 12 1.4 6.8 −2.27 8 1.2 8.4 −0.57 8 1.8 7.6 −1.42 8 1.4 7.6 −1.42 13.7 1.0 7.6 −1.42 8 1.6 7.5 −1.52 3.75 1.7 7.6 −1.42 2.5 2.7 7.6 −1.42 2.5 2.0 7.6 −1.42 5 1.3 7.6 −1.42 5 1.1 7.85 −1.17 2 3.5 7.85 −1.17 3.75 3.2 7.85 −1.17 3.75 2.1 7.85 −1.17 3.75 2.8 7.85 −1.17 3.75 2.2 7.85 −1.17 5.5 2.1 8.1 −0.92 2.5 5.0 8.1 −0.92 2.5 2.6 8.1 −0.92 5 −0.2 8.1 −0.92 5 −1.1 8.2 −0.82 3.75 2.9 Arg/Ac 8.5 −0.52 1 6.8 9.0 −0.02 1 6.5 9.5 0.48 1 1.9 Trol/Ac 7.85 −1.17 1 5.7 8.0 −1.02 1 8.0 8.5 −0.52 1 6.0

TABLE 57 Operating conditions and AR reductions for MAB B pH pH-pI Conductivity (mS/cm AR reduction Capto Adhere 6.8 −0.45 3 6.3 7 −0.25 3 6.2 7.5 0.25 3 4.0 8 0.75 3 3.2 6.8 −0.45 4.5 4.1 7.5 0.25 4.5 3.3 PPA 6.8 −0.45 3 1.1 7 −0.25 3 0.9 7.5 0.25 3 1.3 8 0.75 3 0.5 6.8 −0.45 4.5 1.6 7.5 0.25 4.5 3.0 HEA 6.8 −0.45 3 1.8 7 −0.25 3 1.4 7.5 0.25 3 3.6 8 0.75 3 0.7 6.8 −0.45 4.5 2.2 7.5 0.25 4.5 0.9

TABLE 58 Operating conditions and AR reductions for MAB C pH pH-pI Conductivity (mS/cm) Δ% AR Capto Adhere 8.0 −1.11 1 1.5 8.5 −0.61 1 3.5 9.0 −0.11 1 5.4 PPA 8.0 −1.11 1 −0.4 8.5 −0.61 1 1.1 9.0 −0.11 1 2.1 HEA 8.0 −1.11 1 −1.6 8.5 −0.61 1 1.9 9.0 −0.11 1 2.8

6.3.6. Example MM 6: Effect of pH on AR Reduction

Response surface design DOE was applied to evaluate the impact of pH and conductivity on mAb AR reductions. In this example, Adalimumab and Capto Adhere were chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system. The load material was from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. Besides the pH and conductivity ranged tested and demonstrated in Table 59 and Table 60, higher pH ranges were also studied (FIG. 19).

The results in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 demonstrated that mAb acidic species can be reduced at wide pH range from 6.8 to 9.5.

TABLE 59 DOE study condition Tris Acetate Edge points for Response Buffer Range Surface pH 7.0-8.2  6.8, 8.4  Conductivity 4.0-12.0 2.3, 13.7

TABLE 60 AR reduction and Yield in DOE study Experiment # pH Conductivity ΔAR Yield 1 7.0 4.0 0.4 83 2 7.6 8.0 0.4 73 3 7.6 2.3 1.3 82 4 7.6 8.0 0.6 68 5 7.6 8.0 0.2 70 6 7.6 8.0 −0.2 69 7 8.2 4.0 2.1 67 8 7.6 8.0 1.3 69 9 7.0 12.0 −0.2 70 10 7.6 8.0 1.2 71 11 8.2 12.0 1.4 74 12 6.8 8.0 1.2 76 13 8.4 8.0 1.8 67 14 7.6 8.0 1.4 71 15 7.6 13.7 1.0 74 16 7.6 8.0 1.6 70 Note: AR reductions and protein recovery yields were calculated based on the Flow Through fractions at about loading 200 g protein per L of resin

6.3.7. Example MM 7: Demonstration of Ar Reduction with Different Ion Concentrations—Adalimumab

In this example, adalimumab was chosen. Besides the conductivity range tested presented before, lower conductivity and higher conductivity ranges were also studied with the Capto Adhere. Table 61 and Table 62 display the DOE study conditions using Capto Adhere columns with Tris/Acetate buffer system. The load material was from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. Column flow through pool was collected in each run from 50 mAU of UV A280 on the ascending and 150 mAU on the descending side of the peak. FIG. 21 demonstrates the effect of pH (6.8 to 8.4), conductivity (2.3 to 13.7 mS/cm), and protein load amount (116 to 354 g/L). FIG. 20 demonstrates the AR reduction at conductivity as low as—1 mS/cm. Table 63 demonstrates the AR reduction at conductivity 86 mS/cm with Ammonia Sulfate-Tris-Acetate buffer system.

The results demonstrated that mAb acidic species can be reduced at wide conductivity ranges from 1 to 86 mS/cm.

TABLE 61 DOE study condition Tris Acetate Edge points for Response Buffer Range Surface pH 7.6-8.1 7.5, 8.2 Conductivity 2.5-5.0 2.0, 5.5 Protein load 150-320 116, 354 amount (g/L)

TABLE 62 DOE operting condition and results Load pH Conductivity (mS/cm) amount (g/L) ΔAR (%) Yield (%) 7.5 3.75 235 1.7 89 7.6 2.5 150 2.7 94 7.6 2.5 320 2.0 95 7.6 5 150 1.3 97 7.6 5 320 1.1 103 7.85 2 235 3.5 94 7.85 3.75 116 3.2 86 7.85 3.75 235 2.1 90 7.85 3.75 235 2.8 90 7.85 3.75 354 2.2 91 7.85 5.5 235 2.1 92 8.1 2.5 150 5.0 80 8.1 2.5 320 2.6 87 8.1 5 150 −0.2 95 8.1 5 320 −1.1 98 8.2 3.75 235 2.9 90

TABLE 63 AR reduction and protein recovery at conductivity of 86 mS/cm and pH 7.9 Conductivity (mS/cm) pH Yield (%) ΔAR (%) 86 7.9 62 2.7 87 2.0 91 1.8 86 7.9 59 1.4 81 1.1 94 0.7 Note: Adalimumab in Protein A eluate containing 25 mM acetate and 18 mM Tris or 0.89 mM Tris were pH adjusted to pH 3.5 with 3M Acetic acid solution and neutralized to pH 7.9 with 3M Tris solution. One part of this viral inactivated material was then diluted by adding 0.3 part of a stock buffer containing 2.2M (NH₄)₂SO₄/90 mM Tris/60 mM Acetic pH 7.9 to reach conductivity of 86 mS/cm.

6.3.8. Example MM 8: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Buffer Systems with Adalimumab

In this example, molecule Adalimumab and resin Capto Adhere were chosen. The experiments were performed with different buffer systems listed in the tables below at multiple pH and conductivity condition. The load material pH was adjusted from Protein A eluate or CEX eluate. The results in Table 64 and Table 65 demonstrates that mAb acidic species can be reduced using various buffer systems.

TABLE 64 Effect of Cation type on mAb acidic species reduction and recovery yield Capto Adhere HEA PPA Operating pH 7.85 pH 7.85 pH 7.85 Condition 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm 4.5 mS/cm 3.5 mS/cm 2.5 mS/cm Tris/Ac % Yield 50 52 58 49 52 56 40 64 63 Δ% AR 1.8 3.8 3.7 1.1 2.7 3.2 1.4 1.9 2.6 Operating ~1 mS/cm ~1 mS/cm ~1 mS/cm Condition pH 8.5 pH 9.0 pH 9.5 pH 8.5 pH 9.0 pH 9.5 pH 8.5 pH 9.0 pH 9.5 Arg/Ac % Yield 65 62 49 77 71 66 69 70 71 Δ% AR 8.6 6.5 1.9 4.9 3.5 N/R 4.5 1.9 0.6 Operating ~1 mS/cm ~1 mS/cm ~1 mS/cm Condition pH 7.85 pH 8.0 pH 8.5 pH 7.85 pH 8.0 pH 8.5 pH 7.85 pH 8.0 pH 8.5 Trol/Ac % Yield 62 54 49 69 64 58 64 64 590 Δ% AR 4.1 6.0 4.6 1.7 2.9 3.0 1.4 2.1 2.1 Note: Load material was adalimumab from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted

TABLE 65 Effect of Cation type on mAb acidic species reduction and recovery yield load amount conductivity Yield Buffer (g/L) (mS/cm) pH (%) Δ% AR Tris/Ac¹ 200 4.00 7.80 90 1.6 NaPhiosphaste/ 200 3.53 7.87 87 1.5 Citrate/Trolamine/ NaCl² ¹Load material was adalimumab from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted ²The load material was adalimumab from CEX capture and pH adjusted

6.3.9. Example MM 9: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Loading

The experiments were performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system under the conditions in table 62. The load material was adalimumab from Protein A affinity capture and pH adjusted. Column flow through pool was collected in each run from 50 mAU of UV A280 on the ascending and 150 mAU on the descending side of the peak. As seen from the profile (FIG. 22), the loading capacity has an impact on AR reduction but the AR reduction can be achieved over a wide range of loading capacities, and is merely a trade-off between AR reduction and recovery.

6.3.10 Example MM 10: Demonstration of AR Reduction with Different Load Concentration

In this example, Capto Adhere was chosen. The experiment was performed with Tris/Acetate buffer system at pH 7.8±0.1 and conductivity 3.0±0.05 mS/cm. The load material was adalimumab from concentrated CEX capture and pH adjusted. The prepared load material was then split to be two parts. One was directly loaded on to a Capto adhere column; the other part was diluted 2 folds with equilibration buffer to make different protein concentration. Table 66 demonstrates that the load protein concentration did not have significant impact on mAb acidic species reduction.

TABLE 66 Adalimumab AR Reduction and Yield with Different Load Protein Concentration Load Load Capture amount Conductivity protein Yield step Buffer (g/L) (mS/cm) pH conc. (g/L) (%) Δ% AR CEX Tris/Ac 200 2.9 7.8 22.0 87 2.4 CEX Tris/Ac 200 3.0 7.7 11.0 89 2.1 CEX NaPhiosphaste/ 200 3.5 7.9 4.9 87 1.5 Citrate/ Trolamine/ NaCl Protein A Tris/Ac 200 3.1 7.8 9.0 89 2.5 Protein A Tris/Ac 200 4.0 7.8 11.8 90 1.6 Protein A Tris/Ac 200 3.0 7.8 9.9 93 2.4 Protein A Tris/Ac 208 3.0 7.8 8.4 95 3.2 Protein A Tris/Ac 222 3.0 7.9 12.9 89 3.4

6.3.11. Example MM 11: Alternative Wash Modalities

In this example, molecule Adalimumab and resin Capto Adhere were chosen. The experiments were performed with Tris/acetate buffer system and the load material pH was adjusted from Protein A eluates. The equilibration buffer for both run was Tris/Acetic acid pH 7.8±0.1 and conductivity of 3.0±0.1 mS/cm. In the gradient conductivity wash study, second buffer was Tris/Acetic acid pH 7.8±0.1 and conductivity 6.0 mS/cm.

The results demonstrated that post load pH and conductivity can be varied with minimal AR reduction impacted.

TABLE 67 Comparison of AR reduction and yield under different wash conditions Load Load conductivity conc Yield Wash Experiment Wash (mS/cm) load pH (mg/mL) (%) CV Δ% AR Equilibration Equilibration buffer (Tris/Ac pH 3.09 7.85 9.04 89 16.4 2.5 buffer wash 7.8 and 3.0 mS/cm) wash only Gradient 1CV Equilibration buffer 3.04 7.78 7.17 91 8.0 2.2 conductivity 10CV gradient conductivity wash wash from 100% Tris/Ac pH 7.8, 3.0 mS/cm to 100% Tris/Ac pH 7.8, 6 mS/cm,

6.3.12. Example MM 12: Demonstration of Achievement of Absolute Value of AR Levels in Antibody Preparations Using Mixed Mode Chromatography

In this example, molecule Adalimumab was chosen. The experiments were performed with multiple buffer systems and multiple MM absorbents under conditions listed in Table 68. The load materials pH was adjusted from Protein A eluates.

The Acidic Region for Adalimumab is further grouped into two regions termed AR1 and AR2, based on a certain retention time of the peaks seen on the WCX-10 method. The characteristics of the variants in these two regions are expected to be different and hence the methods that reduce variants belonging to these groups can be specifically delineated. Further, in addition to achieving a certain AR reduction, it may be desirable to achieve a certain absolute level of AR levels, in consideration of reducing or removing certain variants. The capability of the current invention in achieving a certain absolute level of AR, AR1 and AR2 is demonstrated in Table 68.

TABLE 68 Acidic species level in MM resin flowthrough Conductivity Yield FT % FT % Resin Buffer pH (mS/cm) (%) AR1 AR2 Capto Tris/Ac 7.85 4.5 50 2.8 9.7 Adhere 7.85 4.5 68 3.0 10.3 7.85 3.5 52 1.6 10.0 7.85 3.5 71 2.2 10.5 7.85 3.0 93 3.2 9.7 7.85 2.5 58 1.7 9.4 7.85 2.5 72 2.2 10.0 Arg/Ac 8.5 1 65 1.2 6.1 9.0 1 62 1.6 7.2 9.5 1 49 0.8 11.8 Trol/Ac 7.9 1 44 1.5 6.6 7.9 1 62 1.8 8.0 8.0 1 37 1.1 5.8 8.0 1 54 1.2 7.7 8.5 1 32 1.7 9.0 8.5 1 49 1.9 10.1 HEA Arg/Ac/ 8.5 1 77 1.6 8.5 9.0 1 71 0.8 12.0 PPA 8.5 1 69 2.2 8.7 9.0 1 70 1.0 13.5 9.5 1 71 0.7 13.1

6.3.13. Example MM 13: Demonstration of HCP and Aggregate Reduction in Addition to AR Reduction

Besides the acidic species reduction, the MM adsorbent is able to reduce other product/process related substances/impurities effectively. In the implementation of the current invention the fact that AR reduction is effected, other impurities/substances are expected to be cleared significantly as they should bind stronger than the acidic species. The data shown in Table 69 and Table 70 demonstrates significant HCP and aggregate reductions with different resins, buffer systems, pH, conductivities and molecules

TABLE 69 Aggregates reduction Conductivity (mS/cm) pH Buffer medium Δ% HMW D2E7 3.75 7.5 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 0.7 2.5 7.6 Tris/Ac 0.9 2 7.85 Tris/Ac 0.9 3.75 7.85 Tris/Ac 1.0 5.5 7.85 Tris/Ac 0.7 2.5 8.1 Tris/Ac 1.0 3.75 8.2 Tris/Ac 0.8 4.0 8.2 Tris/Ac 1.0 8.0 6.8 Tris/Ac 0.2 8.0 8.4 Tris/Ac 1.0 1.0 8.5 Arg/Ac Capto Adhere 0.5 1.0 9.0 Arg/Ac 0.8 1.0 9.5 Arg/Ac 0.9 1.0 8.5 Arg/Ac HEA 0.4 1.0 9.0 Arg/Ac 2.5 1.0 9.5 Arg/Ac 0.7 1.0 8.5 Arg/Ac PPA 0.5 1.0 9.0 Arg/Ac 2.8 1.0 9.5 Arg/Ac 0.4 MAB C 3.0 8 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 1.0 3.0 8.5 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 1.1 3.0 9 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 0.6 3.0 8 Tris/Ac PPA 0.7 3.0 8.5 Tris/Ac PPA 0.5 3.0 8 Tris/Ac HEA 0.7 3.0 8.5 Tris/Ac HEA 0.6

TABLE 70 HCP Log reduction Condutivity (mS/cm) pH Buffer medium HCP LRF D2E7 3.75 7.5 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 1.5 2.5 7.6 Tris/Ac 1.7 2.0 7.85 Tris/Ac 2.2 3.75 7.85 Tris/Ac 1.9 5.5 7.85 Tris/Ac 1.4 2.5 8.1 Tris/Ac 2.3 3.75 8.2 Tris/Ac 2.1 4.0 8.2 Tris/Ac 1.7 8.0 6.8 Tris/Ac 0.3 8.0 8.4 Tris/Ac 0.7 MAB B 3 6.8 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 2.0 4.5 6.8 Tris/Ac Capto Adhere 1.3 3 6.8 Tris/Ac PPA 1.2 4.5 6.8 Tris/Ac 1.2 3 6.8 Tris/Ac HEA 1.3 4.5 6.8 Tris/Ac 1.1

6.3.14. Example MM 14: Combinations of MM with Alternative Separation Strategies

Acidic Species Reduction by MM Adsorbents is expected to be performed after capture of the antibody by other means, or after one or more intermediate steps following the capture step. In the examples below the MM Adsorbent steps were performed either following a Cation Exchange Capture step or Protein A affinity capture step. As shown in Table 71, AR reduction was achieved at two different conductivities following Protein A Chromatography and CEX Chromatography.

TABLE 71 AR Reduction with different source materials Capture Buffer conductivity (mS/cm) pH Yield (%) Δ% AR Protein A Tris/Ac 3.1 7.8 89 2.5 Protein A Tris/Ac 4.0 7.8 90 1.6 CEX Tris/Ac 2.9 7.8 87 2.4 CEX Tris/Ac 3.0 7.7 89 2.1

Adalimumab was purified by a CEX chromatography step followed with a low pH viral inactivation step. The filtered viral inactivated material was buffer exchanged and loaded onto a Capto Adhere column. The flowthrough of Capto Adhere material was then purified with a HIC column with bind/elute mode. As shown in Table 72, AR reduction was achieved primarily with MM step, with some contribution from other steps.

TABLE 72 Complete Process train with CEX Chromatography Capture - AR Reduction Δ% AR Δ% Lys Yield (%) CEX eluate n/a n/a n/a MM Load 0.29 0.34 90% MM Flowthrough 2.57 2.57 93% HIC eluate 0.95 0.94 97%

Adalimumab was purified by a Protein A chromatography step followed with a low pH viral inactivation step. The filtered viral inactivated material was buffer exchanged and loaded onto a Capto Adhere column. The flowthrough of Capto Adhere material was then purified with a HIC column with bind/elute mode as well as Flow Through mode. As shown in Table 73, AR reduction was achieved primarily with MM step, with some contribution from other steps.

TABLE 73 Complete Process Train with Protein A Capture - AR, HMW and HCP reduction % AR % HMW HCP Process Yield (%) reduction reduction LRF Clarified Harvest 97.0% n/a n/a n/a Prt-A Eluate Pool 89.6% 0.06 1.87 Viral Inactivated 99.7% No reduction 0.07 0.39 Filtrate MM FT pool 91.9% 2.26 0.83 1.63 HIC (B/E) Eluate 90.1% 0.40 0.22 1.41 Nanofiltrate Filtrate 90.7% No reduction No reduction 0.15 BDS (B/E) 102.0% No reduction No reduction 0.22 HIC FT-pool 98.5% 0.16 0.23 0.46 VF (FT) Filtrate 96.1% No reduction No reduction 0.10 BDS (FT) 103.8% No reduction No reduction No reduction

6.3.15. Example MM 15: Utility of AR Reduction

The current invention provides a method for reducing acidic species for a given protein of interest. In this example adalimumab was prepared using a combination of AEX and CEX technologies to produce a Low-AR and High-AR sample with a final AR of 2.5% and 6.9%, respectively. Both samples were incubated in a controlled environment at 25° C. and 65% relative humidity for 10 weeks, and the AR measured every two weeks. FIG. 23 shows the growth of AR for each sample over the 10 week incubation. It is evident from FIG. 23 the growth rate of AR is linear and similar between both the Low-AR and High-AR samples. Based on these results the reduced AR material can be stored 3 fold longer before reaching the same AR level as the High-AR sample. This is a significant utility as this can be very beneficial in storage handling and use of the antibody or other proteins for therapeutic use.

6.4 Process Combinations to Achieve Target % AR or AR Reductions

Upstream and Downstream process technologies, e.g., cell culture and chromatographic separations, of the inventions disclosed in the following applications can be combined together or combined with methods in the art to provide a final target AR value or achieve a % AR reduction, as well as to, in certain embodiments, reduce product related substances and/or process related impurities. Upstream methods for AR reduction include, but are not limited to those described in the in the U.S. Ser. No. 13/830,583. Downstream methods for AR reduction include, but are not limited to, those described in the instant application. Exemplary technologies disclosed in the referenced applications include, but are not limited to: cell culture additives & conditions; clarified harvest additives and pH/salt conditions; mixed mode media separations; anion exchange media separations; and cation Exchange media separations.

The instant example demonstrates the combined effect of one or more of these technologies in achieving a target AR value or AR reduction, thereby facilitating the preparation of an antibody material having a specific charge heterogeneity. Additional examples of combinations of downstream technologies and upstream technologies are provided in the referenced applications.

In this example, the combination of upstream and downstream methods involves the reduction of acidic species in 3 L bioreactor cell cultures supplemented with arginine (2 g/l) and lysine (4 g/1) as has been previously demonstrated in the U.S. Ser. No. 13/830,583. The results of that strategy are summarized in Table 74. The total acidic species was reduced from 20.5% in the control sample to 10.2% in sample from cultures that were supplemented with the additives. In this study, Adalimumab producing cell line 1 was cultured in media 1 (chemically defined media) supplemented with amino acid arginine (2 g/1) and lysine (4 g/l) in a 300 L bioreactor. On Day 12 of culture, the culture was harvested and then subsequently analyzed using WCX-10 post protein A purification and the percentages of total peak(s) area corresponding to the acidic species were quantified. The percentage of acidic species was estimated to be 9.1% in the 300 L harvest sample.

TABLE 74 AR levels achieved with use of upstream technologies 3 L Bioreactor 300 L Bioreactor Arginine (2 g/l) + Arginine (2 g/l) + Control Lysine (4 g/l) Lysine (4 g/l) Total Total Total AR1 AR2 AR AR1 AR2 AR AR1 AR2 AR (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 6.3 14.2 20.5 2.6 7.6 10.2 2.4 6.7 9.1

The material produced by the 300 L Bioreactor employing Arginine and Lysine additions, that effectively reduced the AR levels to 9.1% was purified using a downstream process employing Mixed Mode chromatography as the primary AR Reduction method.

Adalimumab was purified by a Protein A chromatography step followed with a low pH viral inactivation step. The filtered viral inactivated material was buffer exchanged and loaded onto a Capto Adhere column. The flowthrough of Capto Adhere material was then purified with a HIC column with bind/elute mode as well as Flow Through mode. As shown in Table 75, AR reduction was achieved primarily with MM step, with some contribution from other steps. The table also shows that additional product related substances such as aggregates and process related impurities such as HCP can be effectively reduced employing these combined technologies.

TABLE 75 Complete Downstream Process Train with Protein A Capture - AR, HMW and HCP reduction % AR % HMW HCP Process Yield (%) reduction reduction LRF Clarified Harvest 97.0% n/a n/a n/a Prt-A Eluate Pool 89.6% 0.06 1.87 Viral Inactivated 99.7% No reduction 0.07 0.39 Filtrate MM FT pool 91.9% 2.26 0.83 1.63 HIC (B/E) Eluate 90.1% 0.40 0.22 1.41 Nanofiltrate Filtrate 90.7% No reduction No reduction 0.15 BDS (B/E) 102.0% No reduction No reduction 0.22 HIC FT-pool 98.5% 0.16 0.23 0.46 VF (FT) Filtrate 96.1% No reduction No reduction 0.10 BDS (FT) 103.8% No reduction No reduction No reduction

As is evident from the above example, the MM method further reduced the AR levels, by 2.26%. Therefore upstream technologies for reduction can be combined with downstream technologies to achieve AR levels/AR reduction.

Patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, GenBank Accession Numbers, and protocols that may be cited throughout this application, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. For example, but not by way of limitation, patent applications designated by the following U.S. Application Serial numbers are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes: Ser. No. 13/803,808; 13/830,583; 13/830,976; 13/831,181; and Ser. No. 13/804,220. 

1. A method of making a pharmaceutical composition, comprising mixing (a) a composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab correspond to the peaks that elute earlier than the main peak in a WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram of adalimumab, wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5), and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, thereby making a pharmaceutical composition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab comprise a first acidic region (AR1) and a second acidic region (AR2).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the mammalian host cell is selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, an NS0 cell, a COS cell, and an SP2 cell.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises less than 3.8% total acidic species of adalimumab.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 0.8% AR1 and 3.0% AR2.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises less than 2.4% total acidic species of adalimumab.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 0.2% AR1 and 2.2% AR2.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 4.7%-8.3% total acidic species of adalimumab.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein adalimumab is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of 0.1-250 mg/mL.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising filling a syringe with the pharmaceutical composition.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises one or more excipient selected from the group consisting of a buffer, a surfactant and a polyalcohol, or a combination thereof. 13.-18. (canceled)
 19. A method of making a pharmaceutical composition, comprising mixing (a) a composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab are quantified based on the relative area percent of peaks that elute earlier than the main peak in a WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram of adalimumab wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5) and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising a surfactant and a polyalcohol, thereby making a pharmaceutical composition; and filling a syringe with the pharmaceutical composition.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab comprise a first acidic region (AR1) and a second acidic region (AR2).
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture.
 22. (canceled)
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises less than 3.8% total acidic species of adalimumab.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 0.8% AR1 and 3.0% AR2.
 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises less than 2.4% total acidic species of adalimumab.
 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 0.2% AR1 and 2.2% AR2.
 27. The method of claim 19, wherein the low acidic species composition comprises 4.7%-8.3% total acidic species of adalimumab. 28.-30. (canceled) 